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Biology Exam Topics:red_flag: - Coggle Diagram
Biology Exam Topics
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Proteins
Functions Of Proteins
The functions of proteins include, structural support , transport, protection ,catalysis , defense , regulation and movement.
Structure of Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, which are made up of amino groups, carboxyl groups, central carbon atoms, radical groups, and hydrogen atoms.
Enzymes
General Properties of Enzymes
Enzymes need at least 15 percent water to be able to function. Enzymes are produced according to specific genes. Enzymes work in groups. Enzymes are not consumed in a reaction.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature, pH, the concentration of the substrate, the concentration of the enzyme, the surface area of the substrate, water, activators, and inhibitors are all factors that affect enzymatic activities.
Structure Of Enzymes
There are two main types of Enzymes, Apoenzymes and Complex Enzymes. Complex enzymes contain cofactors and coenzymes.
DNA
The Structure Of DNA
DNA has a double helix shape.
The Function Of DNA
Stores genetic knowledge, It stores instructions to making other large molecules called "Proteins".
The Components Of DNA
Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine. Phosphate groups, Deoxyribose sugars. Glycosidic and phosphodiester bonds. Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
Vitamins
Vitamin C
Found in citrus fruits, peppers and strawberries. Essential for the growth and repairment of tissues in all parts of the human body, and is crucial for the immune system.
Vitamin D
Oily fish, red meat, liver and egg yolks are some sources for Vitamin D.Vitamin D helps build bones and keeps them strong and healthy. It plays a crucial part in growth. It can be activated by the cholesterol in your skin cells getting in contact with ultraviolet B rays coming from the sun.
Vitamin B
Found in milk, dairy products, meat and eggs. Vitamin B is essential for our mental health and the health of our cells.
Vitamin E
Found in some vegetable oils, nuts and avocados. It's important for vision, reproduction and for many organs to function properly.
Vitamin A
Found in eggs and citrus fruits. Important for vision, reproduction and for our immune system.
Vitamin K
Found in green leafy vegetables and some fruits such as Kiwi etc. . Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and to build and maintain healthy bones.
ATP
ATP Cycle
ATP is used for endergonic reactions and is produced in exergonic reactions. ATP is used and produced in a cell as a cycle.
The Functions Of ATP
All living cells use ATP for energy requiring processes. Energy is stored in high energy phosphate bonds.
The Components That Make Up ATP
Adenine nucleotide, ribose sugar adn three phosphate groups. C,H,O,N AND P atoms.
RNA
The Functions Of RNA Types
tRNA transfers the amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosomes according to the codes in mRNA. It carries a three nucleotide sequence called anticodon which is unique to a specific amino acid. 15 percent of total RNA is tRNA.
rRNA is found in the structure of ribosomes, together with ribosomal proteins. It is the most abundant RNA, 80 percent of total RNA is rRNA.
mRNA carries messages coded in DNA, from nucleus region to the site of protein synthesis that is ribosomes, in cytoplasm. It carried a three nucleotide sequence called codon which is unique for a spesific amino acid. 5 percent of total RNA is mRNA.
The Components That Make Up RNA
RNA consists of one polynucleotide chain. RNA are also made up of four different monomers, but their nucleotides differ from those of DNA. In RNA, nucleotides are named as ribonucleotides whereas in DNA, deoxyribonucleotides. Also, instead of thymine, RNA molecules use the base uracil.
The Types Of RNA
There are three main types of RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA(rRNA).