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TOPIC 36: DIALOGIC TEXTS: STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS, Adjacency pairs…
TOPIC 36: DIALOGIC TEXTS: STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
1. TYPES OF TEXTS
five main modes
Narration
Description
Argument
Exposition
Dialogue
2. DIALOGIC TEXTS
Oral realization
:pencil2: casual conversation, debate or oral interview
Term
dialogue
to refer to spoken modes of discourse
Unplanned, informal and interactive :pencil2: face-to-face or telephone conversation
Planned spoken modes :pencil2: univesity lecture, politician's speech, scientific paper at a conference
Written realization
:pencil2: a scene in a novel or in a play, an interview in a magazine
Convesation, communication or the exchange of information between two or more speakers.
3. FORMAL CONVENTIONS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE
Opening phase
Central phase
Turn-taking
Verbal signals
Back channel signals
:arrow_right: indicate to sb that it is their turn to speak :pencil2:
It was a good film, wasn't it?
Turn over signals
:arrow_right: to mantain the turn :pencil2:
Let me just finish
:arrow_right: to give back the right to speak to the speaker by asking him to repeat sth :pencil2:
Excuse me, what did you say?
Non-verbal signals
Pre-empt signals
:pencil2:
Aha, mmm, erm, etc.
Physical signals
:pencil2:
raising our hand
Topic change
A variety of expressions to introduce topics or to change the topic of conversation :pencil2:
by the way
or
did I tell you about...?
Closing phase
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVESATIONS
The cooperative principle
Assumes that people involved in a
conversation must follow a series of conversational conventions or maxims to fulfil the purpose of the talk.
Quantity
As informative as possible and as much information as needed, and no more
Quality
Must be truthful, and do not give information that is false or not supported by evidence
Relevance
To be relevant and say things that are pertinent to the discussion
Manner
To be as clear, as brief and as orderly as possible, trying to avoit obscurity and ambiguity
Grice
Implicature
When a hearer judges that the speaker has
deliberately flouted one of the maxims
:pencil2: ironical style or using
hyperbolic expressions
Draw attention there is sth un-straightforward about the statement
Hearer (under cooperative principle) attempts to make sense of the utterance :arrow_right: recovers the implicature
The
Speech Act
Theory
Studies relationship
between form and function
Austin
Locutionary acts
The actual form of the message
Illocutionary acts
Function that the form expresses :arrow_right: the real intention behind the message
Perlocutionary acts
A reaction to the illocution (not linguistic)
Illocutionary acts
Searle
Commissive
Commit the speaker to doing sth in the future :pencil2: promise, swear, vow or threat :arrow_right:
I'll call the police
Declarative
Change the state of affairs in the world :pencil2: in a wedding
I now pronounce you husband and wife
Directive
Getting the listener to do sth :pencil2: suggestion, request or command :arrow_right:
Please, sit down
Expressive
Express the speaker's feeling or attitudes about sth :pencil2: apology, complaint, thanking sb, congratulations, etc
Representative
Speaker describes states or events in the world :pencil2:assertion, claim or report
5. CONVESATION ANALYSIS: THE STRUCTURE OF DIALOGUES
Conversational analysis
:arrow_right: concerned with how meanings and pragmatic functions are communicated in both mundane convestions and such institutional varieties of talk as interview and court hearings.
Adjacency pairs
Utterances produced by two successive speakers such that the second utterance is identified as related to the first as an expected follow-up
The two form a pair :arrow_right: the 1st utterance constituting a
first pair part
and the 2nd utterance constituting a
second pair part
Many varieties
Complaint/apology
:pencil2:
A: You ate my cake. B: Sorry
Compaint/denial
:pencil2:
B: No, I didn't. It must have been Susan
Offer/acceptance-rejection
:pencil2:
A: Let's go to the cinema. B: Okay! - B: Sorry, I'm too tired
Greetings
:pencil2:
A: Hello! B: Hello!
Farewells
:pencil2:
A: Bye! B: Bye!
Summon/Answer
:pencil2:
A: Jimmy! B: Coming, mother
Turn-taking
Solve the problem about how to coordinate
their speech so that they can jointly reach
their own goals :arrow_right:
how to take turns
Major requirements
Each participant should have a chance to talk
Only one person should talk at a time
The gaps between turns should be brief for efficiency
Three rules
The next turn goes to the person addressed by the current speaker
The next turn goes to the person who speaks first
The next turn goes to the current speaker, if he resumes before anyone else speaks
Sequential organization of talk
Opening conversations
One person must get another's attention and signal the desire for a conversations, and the other person must show willingness to take part
Summon/answer sequence
:pencil2:
A: Hey, Bill B: Yes?
Closing convesations
Participants close in two steps
A and B agree to close :pencil2:
Well, There you are, or That's life
They actually close :pencil2:
A: Bye! B: Bye!
Adjacency pairs play a central role in the solution of how to get a conversation to work