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Statistic, Data Sets - Coggle Diagram

- - - - “People who eat three daily servings of whole grains have been shown to reduce their risk of…stroke by 37%.”
        
        “Seventy percent of the 1500 IT students playing DOTA 2 and CSGO.”
    - - Primary Data
        
        They refer to information which is directly gathered from respondents or which is based on direct or firsthand experience. Example: diary 2.
      - Secoundary Data
        
        Secondary data. They refer to information which is taken from published or unpublished data gathered by other individuals or agencies. Example: magazine, books
    - - Qualitive Variables
        
        Qualitative Variable Consists of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries. EX:Major, Place of birth, Eye color.
      - Quantitive Varibales
        
        Quantitative variables Numerical measurements or counts. EX: Age, Weight of a letter, Temperature.
      - Classification of Quantitive and Qualitive Varables
        
        Classification of quantitative variables 1. Continuous data - numerical responses that arise from a measurement process. Ex. 1.234 in, 2.8 cm 2. Discrete data -these are numerical responses that arise from a counting process. Ex. Number of children in a community
        
        Quantitative Data (Base prices of vehicles models are numerical entries) Qualitative Data (Names of vehicle models are nonnumerical entries)
        
        Level of Measurements
        
        Ordinal level of measurement
        
        Qualitative or quantitative data • Data can be arranged in order • Differences between data entries is not meaningful
        
        Ratio level of measurement
        
        •Similar to interval level •Zero entry is an inherent zero (implies “none”) •A ratio of two data values can be formed •One data value can be expressed as a multiple of another.
        
        Nominal level of measurement
        
        • Qualitative data only • Categorized using names, labels, or qualities • No mathematical computations can be made
        
        Interval level of measurement
        
        •Quantitative data •Data can ordered •Differences between data entries is meaningful •Zero represents a position on a scale (not an inherent zero – zero does not imply “none”)
    - - Interview Method
        
        A. Direct method- the researcher personally interview the respondent. •
        
        B. Indirect method- the researcher uses a telephone to interview the respondent.
      - Questionnaire Method
        
        is a list of well-planned questions written on paper, which can be either personally administered or mailed by the researcher to the respondents.
      - Observation Method
        
        the researcher observes the subject of the study which may be an individual, a group, or any unit of interest.
      - Registration Method
        
        • Examples of data gathered using this method are those obtained from National Statistics Office(NSO), Land Transportation, Department of Education, and other government agencies.
      - Mechanical Devices
        
        The devices that can be used when gathering data for social and educational researches are the camera, projector, tape recorder, etc. In chemical, biological and medical researches, the common devices are x-ray machine, CT scan, microscope, etc. In astronomy and atmospheric researches, the telescope, barometer, radar machine, computer, etc.
- - - - Most agreed or strongly agreed (60%) that they like interactive videogames and only 18% disagreed or strongly disagreed. The rest weren't sure (22%).
    - - A number that describes a population characteristic. Average age of all people in the United States
        
        Examples
        
        Starting salaries for the 667 IT graduates from Holy Angel University increased 8.5% from the previous year.
- - - - Identifying Data Sets In a recent survey, 4501 adults in the Philippines were asked if they think global warming is a problem that requires immediate government action. Nine hundred thirty-nine of the adults said yes
    - - Statistic A number that describes a sample characteristic. Average age of people from a sample of three states
        
        Examples
        
        A recent survey of a sample of NBAs reported that the average salary for an NBA is more than Php82,000.
        
        Branches of Statistics
        
        Descriptive
        
        Descriptive Statistics Involves organizing, summarizing, and displaying data. e.g. Tables, charts, averages.
        
        Examples
        
        A teacher arranges the scores obtained by his students in a graph A
        
        Inferential
        
        Inferential Statistics Involves using sample data to draw conclusions about a population.
        
        Examples
        
        researcher may wish to find out whether exposure to pollution may reduce life span
    - - Probability Sampling it is a sampling technique in which every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected to be a member of the sample.
        
        Random Sampling
        
        selects a sample using the concept of the lottery method
        
        Systematic Sample
        
        • Choose a starting value at random. Then choose every kth member of the population.
        
        Examples
        
        In the West Ridge County example you could assign a different number to each household, randomly choose a starting number, then select every 100th household.
        
        Stratified Sample selects
        
        a sample when the population is segmented into groups or sections called stratifications or strata.
        
        Examples
        
        To collect a stratified sample of the number of people who live in Angeles City households, you could divide the households into socioeconomic levels and then randomly select households from each level.
        
        Cluster Sample
        
        • Divide the population into groups (clusters) and select all of the members in one or more, but not all, of the clusters.
        
        Example
        
        • In Pampanga example you could divide the households into clusters according to zip codes, then select all the households in one or more, but not all, zip codes.