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Introduction to Foreign Trade, Jorge Romero - Cédula 3-724-749 - Coggle…

- - - - Primary zone: It is the space of sea or land where the mobilization of goods takes place, which by effect of its jurisdiction is a customs area and in which the goods must be loaded, unloaded or received in order to comply with the other requirements.
      - Secondary Zone: The rest of the territory and territorial waters corresponding to each Customs Office in the distribution made by the Director General of Customs for the purposes of the competence and obligations of each one.
  - - - Duty-free goods replenishment regime
      - Temporary admission regime for inward processing (Ritex)
      - Temporary Export for Outward Processing (Maquila)
      - Customs transit regime
      - Commercial and Industrial Free Trade Zones Regime
      - Final Export
    - - Tax warehouse regime
      - Goods transit regime
      - To return abroad in the same condition
      - Regime for manufacturing, transformation or repair in bonded warehouses
      - Temporary import regime
      - Strategic Bonded Warehouse Regime
      - Definitive import regime
  - - - Industrial Free Zones
      - Commercial Free Trade Zones
      - Industrial Free Zones.
- - - - Customs brokers are those who are empowered by the customs authority to carry out formalities before Customs on behalf of the shippers.
    - - Transport Agents are persons authorized by the General Directorate of Customs to carry out customs formalities related to means of transport.
  - - - They group goods according to the nature of the raw material.
      - Classify goods, jointly, products of the same industry.
      - They group goods, although not exclusively according to origin.
    - - International nomenclature established by the World Customs Organization, based on a classification of goods according to a 6-digit code system accepted by all participating countries.
    - - It is a list of names, persons or things. They are intended for the application of taxes and other purposes basically of a fiscal nature.
- - - - Tariff measures are intended to increase tax revenues or to protect a domestic sector of activity against foreign competition, and are applied at the time products cross the border of a customs territory.
    - - Four groups can be distinguished:
        
        customs surcharges,
        
        additional levies,
        
        taxes and
        
        internal levies on imported products and customs gauging based on an administrative price.
  - - - allows a company, efficient or inefficient, to bankrupt its competitors and take over the market, if it has sufficient capital to finance sales at loss-making or loss-making prices.
    - - Special contributions: Those levied to meet specific needs.
        specific needs. Taxes per se: There is no special consideration and their amount depends on the taxpayer's ability to pay. and their amount depends on the taxpayer's contributive capacity.
        Direct taxes: They must be paid by the person who bears them. Indirect: They tax the indirect manifestation of the economic capacity of the subject. economic capacity of the taxpayer.
      - Contribución: Pago efectuado por Ley en el cual existe retribución específica.
      - Fees: All revenues derived from taxes, the obligation of which is generated by the effective or potential rendering of a public service individualized in the taxpayer.
- - - - Institutional: With the participation of different bodies, whether intergovernmental, with one member representing each state, they defend themselves against decisions taken unilaterally.
      - Legal-economic: Those used to give a greater degree of freedom to the circulation of production factors and harmonization of economic and sectoral policies, such as labor, social, fiscal, economic, financial and regional trade policy laws.
      - Customs: They are used to provide a greater or lesser degree of freedom to the circulation of goods, which will be achieved through the reduction or elimination of customs duties.
  - - - It constitutes a further step in the process of economic integration since, in addition to the liberalization of inter-zonal or intra-zonal trade, a common external tariff is established for all its members.
    - - On the basis of the Customs Union, the free circulation of the factors of production is added.
    - - It is formed by two or more countries that gradually eliminate customs tariffs but maintain their own system vis-à-vis other countries.
    - - On the basis of the Common Market, the homologation of countries in terms of their economic policies is added, tending to the establishment of
    - - In which two or more countries grant tariff reductions to each other or constitute an exception to the most-favored-nation clause provided for in the GATT.
    - - In addition to the above, the unification of all types of policies and the appointment of a supranational authority.
  - - - grants loans to member nations that are having difficulty meeting their external financial obligations, but only on condition that they undertake economic reforms capable of eliminating such difficulties
      - Objectives of the Monetary Fund:
        
        Promote international monetary cooperation
        
        Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade.
        
        Promoting stability in currency exchanges
        
        Facilitating the establishment of a multilateral payment system
        
        To make occasional loans to members with balance of payments difficulties.
        
        To shorten the duration and reduce the degree of imbalance in members' balances of payments.
    - - There are three affiliated agencies:
        
        IDA: International Development Association.
        
        IFC: International Finance Corporation.
        
        OMIGI: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.
  - - - It is an economic treaty between Canada, the United States and Mexico that establishes a free trade zone.
    - - It is the supra-state organization at the European level dedicated to increasing economic and political integration and strengthening cooperation among its member states.
    - - The primary objective of the Treaty of Asunción is the integration of the four States Parties, through the free circulation of goods, services and productive factors, the establishment of a common external tariff and the adoption of a common commercial policy.
- - - - Free foreign exchange market
      - Fixed exchange market
      - Change control:
  - - - When a ceiling, quota or limit is fixed on or that may be imported or exported, in accordance with which the Economic Authority shall
    - - Once a quota has been fixed, generally without payment or with lower import or export duties than usual, and once the quota has been exceeded
    - - By which it is not impossible to import or export, but is subject to obtaining prior official permission to do so.
    - - It determines the merchandise classification system, the duties to be paid by import and export merchandise, as well as the basis of collection and rate.
    - - Normally supplementary or complementary to the previous one, it consists of the impossibility of importing or exporting
    - - This is the most restrictive level and consists of determining the goods that may not be imported or exported under any circumstances.
  - - - From the consumer's perspective
      - From the perspective of the productive sectors
      - From a social perspective
      - From a development perspective
- - - - Price range.
      - The place of delivery of the goods.
      - Who hires and pays for transportation
      - Who contracts and pays for the insurance
      - Which documents are processed by each party and their cost.
    - - Group F: (FCA, FAS and FOB): The seller delivers the goods to a carrier designated by the buyer, without assuming the costs of freight and/or insurance.
      - Group C: (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP): The seller contracts and pays for transportation to a named destination, without assuming the risks inherent in transportation.
      - Group E: (EX WORKS) The seller makes the goods available to the buyer at his own premises.
      - Group D: (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP): The seller bears all costs and risks necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.
  - - - is the commercial operation by which a sender, generally a Bank, acting on behalf of, to the order and at the risk of a customer.
    - - Entiéndase la transferencia de fondos que un ordenante o tomador efectúa a favor de un beneficiario/ destinatario, generalmente por intermedio de banco.
    - - A document issued by a bank stating its commitment to pay someone a stated amount of money for the benefit of a buyer for as long as the seller agrees to specific terms and conditions.
    - - The collection of an export transaction with a check in foreign currency is very risky, since the bank will only be liable for the payment if the drawer of the check has sufficient funds.