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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION - Coggle Diagram
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The counter-reformation
It was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
The Council of Trent
Was held between 1545 and 1563
Established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas
The clarification of their teachings
The principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained, such as
Recognising the Pope as the highest authority
Venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
Observing the seven sacraments
The need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
Carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
The sale of indulgences was prohibited
The religious orders were reformed
Bishops were more strictly controlled
The Society of Jesus was founded
They were the main group responsible for spreading the teachings of the Counter-Reformation
By Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
The repression of Protestantism
The Inquisition was strengthen
An Index of forbidden books was published
Religious wars
In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and tried to prosecute him but he had the protection of the German nobles
Carlos I
Was appointed Emperor in 1519
Tried to prevent the division of the Church because he was a devote Catholic
For that, some meetings took place, such as the Diet of Worms
He also fought against the Schmalkaldic Leage (an aliance between the protestant nobles) and won the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed, which granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
After that some other wars took place, such as
In the Low Countries
the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648)
Between Calvinists and Catholics.
Calvinists won
In the British Isles
the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651)
Between the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans
In England, Scotland and Ireland
Anglicans won
In France
Many wars during the second half of the 16th century
Such as the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
Until in 1598 when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential and protestant kings and nobles gained more power
