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Acute Inflammation 1&2, What The Specific Pattern of Acute…
Acute Inflammation 1&2
What is Acute Inflammation ? Acute inflammation is a local response by living tissues to tissue injury resulting in the accumulation of fluid rich in protein and cells ( Polymorphs and later Macrophages) Name the Phases of Acute Inflammation:
- Vascular Phase
- Cellular Phase
- Generally resolution or Suppuration
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Describe the 7 Components of the Cellular Phase
- Reduced flow of blood due to fluid loss.
- Leukocyte margination to periphery of blood stream.
- Triggering/ Activation of Integrins.
- Strong adhesion of neutrophil to endothelial cell membrane proteins. (proteins help neutrophil to change shape in order to fit through endothelial cells when going to area).
- Motility - also known as diapedesis which is the movement of neutrophils from the bloodstream through the intact cells of the capillaries. Chemotaxis.
- Phagocytosis of the pathogen, accompanied with Opsonization and Pseudopodia.
- Intracellular killing by enzymes and low pH.
NOTE: Neutrophil at the end of its life cycle will release Cytokines in order to stimulate the production of more Neutrophils. Creating a viscous cycle.
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What are the Systematic Effects of Acute Inflammation ?
*Always happen irrespective of area affected.
Fever Fever is the elevation of the internal body temperature above the normal 37 degrees Celsius.What is Fever Cause by ?Fever is caused by the action of Pyrogen on the thermo-regulator centre in the Hypothalamus.And probably the act on the thermo-regulator centre via Prostaglandin E.Differentiate between the types of Pyrogens:
- Endogenous Pyrogens are released from Polymorphs and Macrophages stimulated by the following:
1.1 Antigen/Antibody complexes
1.2 Bacterial endotoxins
1.3 Certain viruses
1.4 A pyrogenic lymphokine from lymphocytes.
- Exogenous Pyrogens which include contaminants in IV infusions.
What are the ill effects of fever ?The effects of fever include:
- general malaise and anorexia
- Increased metabolism
- Thermal injury to neurons at increased temperature (>41.5)
Leukocytosis What is Leukocytosis ?Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood stream. Differentiate between mature and immature neutrophils:
- Mature Neutrophils are available the attached to the endothelium as a certain proportion of neutrophil cells within the bone marrow.
- Immature neutrophils are available by stimulation of proliferation of precursors in bone marrow which may result in immature forms entering the circulation.
These are termed 'left shifted'. NOTE: Immature neutrophils are released when there are too many mature neutrophils.
- Polymorphs are released from marginated pool by exercise and epinephrine.
- Polymorphs are released from BM by neutrophil releasing factors such as C3 Fragments.
Alteration in Serum Proteins
This results in an increase in gamma globulins (antibodies) and fibrinogen.
List the Beneficial Effects of Acute Inflammation
- Dilution of toxins
- Delivery of Antibodies.
- Fibrin barrier to spread of infection.
- Promotion of Immunity
- Phagocytosis
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*Definition*
- Active Hyperaemia is an increase in blood flow through the tissues as a result of dilation of existing and opening up additional channels due to the effect of Prostaglandins.
- Passive Hyperaemia is relative stasis of the blood within the tissues resulting from a rise in venous pressure.
- Exudate is excess fluid in tissues or body spaces which contain plasma proteins including fibrinogen (formed as a result of inflammation)
- Transudate is excess fluid in the tissues or body spaces which is an ultra-filtrate with little or no protein.
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