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Genetics - Coggle Diagram
Genetics
Monohybrid Crosses- a single character is analyzed and studied; the inheritance of other traits is not considered
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VOCAB
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Zygote- A zygote is an eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes. The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information necessary to form a new individual
Crossing heterozygotes
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Because each genotype produces a distinct phenotype, the genotype of each plant is known simply by looking at the flowers.
Punnett Square- can be set up in which all types of one gamete of one parent are arranged along the top of the square, and the other parents are on the side.
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Test Crosses
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In your greenhouse or garden there are now hundreds of plants, approximately 75% of which are tall and 25% short. If you need to experiment on plants with the TT genotype, how can you tell which they are? A tall plant picked at random is more likely to be a Tt plant because there are twice as many of them as TT tall plants. So, you do a test cross to see if there is a recessive allele.
pure-bred lines- Homozygous recessives can also be kept as a special line, being selfed and kept pure.
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Concepts
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Alleles-one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
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Phenotype- The expression of alleles as the size, shape, or metabolism
During a drought, plants with poor capacity to withstand water stress are outcompeted by plants whose alleles confer superior water stress resistance.
Replication of DNA
Before a cell undergoes nuclear division, either mitosis or meiosis, DNA is replicated during S phase of the cell cycle. Replication doubles the amount of DNA, and each gene exist in at least two copies, one on each of the two chromatids, one of which goes to each daughter nucleus during anaphase.
Replicon- small bubble formed when one strand of the DNA double helix is cut, and the two strands separate from each other in a short region.
Semiconservative replication- Each strand of DNA acts as the template for making the complementary strand.
Replication Fork- DNA uncoils and opens. Has a forked appearance. 
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Mutations- any change, large or small, in DNA.
Types of Mutations
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Inversion- sometimes a piece of DNA becomes tangled and breaks, and during repair it is put backwards.
Point Mutation- small mutation, single base is converted to another base by any various methods.
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Mutagens cause Mutations
Some causes are some chemicals, UV lights, x-rays, and radiation
Dihybrid Crosses- Two genes are studied and analyzed simultaneously, rather than just one, as in monohybrid cross. Every cross involves all the genes in the organism, but the term mono hybrid and dihybrid refer only to the number being analyzed.
When two genes are studied, the results of the crosses depend on the positions of the genes on the chromosomes.
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Same Chromosomes
when two genes are close together on the same chromosome, the alleles for one gene are chemically bound to the alleles for the other gene and move together.
Crossing Over
Recombinant chromosomes- a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles
Parental type chromosomes- If crossing over does not occur, the products are parental gametes.
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