18th century political Formation 
crisis of the Empire
ATTACK BY NORTH WEST
watan Jagirs Rajput
The Old Mughal Provinces
Administration broke down
Difficult for rulers to check on Mansabdar
Peasants and Zamindars rebeled
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Marathas Kingdom ascended under Shivaji
Jats
Sikh emerged new power under Guru Gobind Singh
Bengal
Awadh
Nadir Shah
Ahmed Shah Abdali
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Emergence of New States
With the decline in the authority of the Mughal emperors, the governors of large provinces, subadars, and the great zamindars conslidated their authority in different parts of the subcontinent.
Hyderabad
Broadly speaking the states of the eighteenth century can be divided into three overlapping groups. States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.
Awadh was founded by Burhan-ul-Mulk Saadat Khan in 1722.
Bengal was founded by Murshid Quli Khan. He commanded revenue administration of the state. Under Alivardi Khan the state became prosperous
Hyderabad state was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah. The state was constantly engaged in a struggle against the Marathas
The rich alluvial plains allowed the development of the region
The formation of a regional state in eighteenth century Bengal therefore led to considerable change amongst the zamindars.
The Hyderabad States which enjoyed consideration independence like Watan Jagirs and several Rajput principalities and the last group included states like Marathas, Sikhs and the Jats
Seizing Independence
The Sikhs
The Marathas
The Jats
The Sikh arose as a power under Guru Gobind Singh who inspired the Khalsa with the belief that their destiny was to rule.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh reunited the Sikhs as a powerful group and established his capital at Lahore in 1799
The Maratha kingdom rose under Shivaji. After Shivaji’s death, Peshwa led the Maratha empire to its zenith.
Marathas collected huge revenue from taxes of church and Sardshmukhi in the entire kingdom.
Maratha chiefs included Peshwa, Sindhia, Gaekwad and Bhonsle. Their territory touched near Delhi in its peak stages.
Jats were powerful in areas near Delhi under the leadership of Churaman.
They were prosperous agriculturalists.
Under Suraj Mai, the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state
Jats even built a garden palace at Dig
Attacked between 1748 and 1761
He took away the sixty lakhs of rupees and some thousand gold coins, nearby one crore worth of gold-ware, nearly fifty crores worth of jewels and a peacock throne
Attacked in 1739
He took away the Kohinoor Diamond