Craniosacral and thoracolumbar system
Craniosacral system
Ganglios
Thoracolumbar system
Types of neurons
Important Nerotransmitters:
Main action
It involuntarily regulates numerous actions such as:
Smooth muscle contraction
Gland secretion
Noradrenaline
Adrenalin
Fight or flight response to external stimuli that may endanger the body
Control involuntary acts and functions
Integrated by several nerves that originate from the brain and others arise from the spinal cord at the level of the sacral roots S2 A S4
Characteristics
Main neurotransmitter
Nerve fibers
Exercise
Acetylcholine
Acts on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
They branch through the territory of some cranial nerves
It causes, among other actions, a decrease in heart rate and the contractile force of the heart, pupil contraction and relaxation of the urethral sphincter.
Ganglion neurons
Pre ganglion neurons
They are long . The fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system do not form fasciculates and cannot be traced, except the vagus and postwar nerves
Neurons whose body is located in the nerve ganglion that is located in the same organ diana
Acetylcholine is released
Structure
Preganglionic neurons
Sympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
Nefronas pre ganglionares
They transmit nerve impulses through the cranial or spinal nerves to the post-ganglionic neurons
They emerge from the anterior roots of the spinal cord, follow the white communicating branches to the chain of sympathetic ganglia in which the post-ganglionic neurons are found
Neuronas post ganglionares
Paravertebral
Prevertebral
They are found anterior to the spinal column and emit nerve fibers that mainly innervate the organs located in the abdomen and below the diaphragm
They are located on both sides of the spine, from the cervical spine to the coccyx, and mainly innervate the organs of the upper half of the body (above the diaphragm)
Mesenteric ganglion
Lower mesenteric ganglion
Celiac ganglion
Features
Eye
Digestive system
Respiratory apparatus
Adrenal gland
Cardiovascular system
Sweat gland
Increases frequency and strength of heart contractions
Dilates the lung bronchi, making it easier for air to reach the alveoli
Produces dilation of the pupil
Decreases the contraction of the smooth muscles that are found in the wall of the digestive tract
Stimulates adrenaline production by the adrenal glands
Stimulates the production of sweat by the sweat glands
Features
Cardiovascular system
Genitourinary system
Gastrointestinal system
Acetylcholine decreases the heart rate and the force of myocardial contraction by multiple mechanisms
Acetylcholine increases ureteral peristalsis, against the detrusor muscle and relaxes the trigone
The parasympathetic innervation of the intestine runs through the vagus nerve and the sacral nerves of the pelvis
Respiratory system
Acetylcholine increases tracheobronchial secretions and stimulates brochoconstriction