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geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Degrading land
      - • Degrading the atmosphere
      - • Degrading water
      - • Ecosystem
      - • Biodiversity loss
- - - - burning of fossil fuels, started to fuel heat, transport, power, coal replaced wood
      - rise in modern living
    - - • lead to an increase in food production, industrial output, urban settlement
      - • urban living is responsible for 75% of Co2 emissions
      - • deforestation is responsible for 17% of the world’s GHG emissions
  - - - increase in natural disasters
      - droughts, floods etc
    - - temeprature increase
      - increase in sea levels
- - - - standard reference system
        
        longitude: imaginary lines that run north and south across the earth
        
        latitude: imaginary lines that run east and west across the earth
  - - - features on a map can be physical or cultural
        
        physical features: the natural features of Earth, such as mountains, lake and deserts
        
        cultural features: features on the Earth's surface caused by human activity
    - - a map that shows the surface features of an area, the shape of the land, its relief and landforms
      - they also show the height of the land above sea level through the use of contour lines, which join together all places of an equal height. these lines can display the shape and height of the land that has been mapped
        
        landforms
        
        hill: an area of land that is higher than the surrounding area. it is not high enough to be classified as a mountain
        
        spur: a finger of highland, that often separates valleys
        
        valley: a long and usually narrow indentation in the Earth's surface. Most valleys have rivers running through them
        
        plateau: an elevated area of fairly leveled land
        
        ridge: a long narrow area of highlands area
        
        saddle: the lowest point between two mountain tops
- - - - • As the human population increased, cities, towns and farms have spread rapidly across the Earth’s surface, altering the soils and plants of the land
      - • Vast areas of forests have been cleared to make way for farming and cities, and the forests’ resources have been used for energy and building materials
      - • This process resulted to the earth having less than one-quarter of the world’s original forest.
      - • The small amount that remains, is increasingly pressured from the expanding population in Africa, Asia, and South America
      - • Fertile soil is a declining resource, due to overuse which caused loss of fertility, soil erosion and increased salinity in many regions
      - deforestation
        
        • The permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides
        
        • Clearing land for agriculture or grazing, or using the wood and timber for fuel, construction, or manufacturing
        
        • Forests cover more than 30% of the Earth’s land surface which provide food medicine and fuel for more than a billion people
        
        • Worldwide, 13.4 million people rely on the forest sector for jobs, with another
    - - • Atmosphere: the combination of different gasses that surrounds the Earth
      - • Gasses that provide many of the requirements on Earth like oxygen and fresh water
      - • The atmosphere also protects the earth from the freezing condition and dangerous ultraviolet rays of space
      - • the atmosphere had turned into a dumping ground for many gases and chemicals produced by human activity
      - • With urbanisation and evolution demand for coal for transport, electricity and industry and burning of other fossil fuels have caused a change in the natural levels of certain gasses in the atmosphere
      - • The chemicals released into the atmosphere have caused a partial breakdown in the layer of gases, the ozone layer, which shields us from ultraviolet light
      - • It is responsible for the increase of acidity in rain and global warming
    - - • We rely on fresh water for producing the food we eat, and it is vital for survival on Earth
      - • 70% of the total water taken from rivers, streams and underground water sources is used to irrigate crops and provide water for farm animals
      - • However, the diversion and damming of rivers to provide a reliable supply of water for farmers and for city dwellers have a caused water shortage in other places around the world
      - • Human changes to the natural water supply have caused fresh water supplies to become to polluted that they are undrinkable, leading to problems for animals and plants
- - - - natural products that can be used or converted by humans for our use
      - mineral deposits like coal
    - - things that are done for us by the natural environment that don’t produce consumable resources.
      - example: forests absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
    - - processes in the natural environment that absorb our waste
      - example: micro-organisms in oceans that break down oil spills
    - - the personal relationship that human beings have with the environment
      - example: the connection indigenous Australians have with the environment