Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Geography Term 1 2021 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - How they are organized into a system
      - How they make up the area
- - - - Atlantic Ocean
      - Southern Ocean
      - Indian Ocean
      - Artic Ocean
      - Pacific Ocean
    - - Asia
      - Europe
      - Africa
      - South America
      - North America
      - Australia
  - - - Linear Scale
        
        Could be in any unit of measurement
        
        As an example 2.5cm on map could be equal to 3km in real life
      - Ratio method
        
        Is always in centimetres
        
        1:200000 means 1cmon the map is equivalent to 200,000cm in real life
      - Both scales can be expressed as each other but normally only one type will be shown
  - - - Secondary 4
        
        North East
        
        South East
        
        South West
        
        North West
      - Third 8
        
        North North East
        
        East North East
        
        East South East
        
        South South East
        
        South South West
        
        West South West
        
        West North West
        
        North West North
      - Main 4
        
        East
        
        South
        
        West
        
        North
      - Similar to bearings
    - - Similar to compass points
      - Main 4
        
        0° is equal to North
        
        90° is equal to East
        
        180° is equal to South
        
        270° is equal to West
      - Secondary 4
        
        45° is equal to North East
        
        135° is equal to South East
        
        225° is equal to South West
        
        315° is equal to North West
  - - - In order to find the area reference you go along the 'x' axis first and then the 'y' and us the bottom left of the squares
      - In the example 2367
        
        23 is the 'x' axis
        
        67 is the 'y' axis
    - - Use the same method as in area references and then continue further
        
        Inside the square you have found divide it up into even small squares, 10 by 10, and redo the same method
      - So using the same example but with grid reference- 237674
        
        237 is along the 'x' axis's
        
        23 is from the area reference
        
        7 is from the grid reference
        
        674 is along the 'y' axis's
        
        67 is from the area reference
        
        4 is from the grid reference
  - - - Naturally occurring
      - Untouched or not modified by humans
      - Examples
        
        Mountains
        
        Rivers
    - - Created or modified by humans
      - Examples
        
        Bridges
        
        Housings
      - Does not occur naturally
  - - - Helps decide whether there is hills, mountains, riverbeds or costal cliffs etcetera
- - - - Also known as Provisioning Services
      - Natural products which can be used by humans in some way
      - Examples
        
        Mining deposits
        
        Coal
        
        Iron
        
        Gold
        
        Timber
        
        Food sources
    - - Also known as Regulating Services
      - Natural environment absorbing human wastage
      - Examples
        
        Micro-organisms in ocean break down oil spills
        
        Bacteria in soils breaks down human waste
    - - Also known as Supporting Services
      - Non-consumable resources provided by the environment
      - Examples
        
        Forests - Absorb carbon dioxide and then produce oxygen
        
        Wetlands - Filter waters and slow flood waters
    - - Also known as Cultural Services
      - Personal relationships with the environment
      - Examples
        
        Indigenous Australians with the land
        
        Having a sense of wellbeing by preforming outdoor activities
        
        Bushwalking
        
        Surfing
- - - - Humans are completely to blame- Main 5 reasons
        
        Habitat alteration
        
        Such as deforestation
        
        Over exploration
        
        Taking resources such as fresh water and food sources
        
        Pollution of air, water and land
        
        Introducing invasive species to foreign land
        
        Climate change
    - - Threatens the structure and functioning of ecosystem
      - Ruins structure of food chain
      - Humans rely on plants and animals for food and medication
      - Increases speed of diseases
      - Food security
- - - - The layers of gas that surrounds to Earth
      - Degradation
        
        Air Pollution
        
        Gases
        
        Carbon
        
        Nitrogen
        
        Sulfur
        
        Released by;
        
        Factories
        
        Transport
        
        Traffic exhaust
        
        Power plant emissions
        
        Fires
        
        City growth
        
        Disrupting the natural balance of gases that form the atmosphere
        
        Considers to be the worst health risk in the world today
        
        ~3.5 mil worldwide die each year outdoor pollution #
        
        ~4.3 mil worldwide die each year indoor pollution #
        
        Asia and Africa are becoming worse each year, with death rates increasing
        
        Due to rapid expansion and growth of cities
        
        98% of cities have rates of air pollution that exceed safe guidelines
        
        Leads to;
        
        Asthma
        
        Lung
        
        Heart Disease
        
        Improvements
        
        Laws and restriction are being put in place to help reduce emissions in some places
        
        Slow working
        
        The ozone layer is beginning to recover and is expected to be back to how it was in 1918 by 2070
      - Ozone layer
        
        The region of the atmosphere which protects the Earth from the Ultraviolet radiation
    - - Rivers, lakes and wetlands are some of the most degraded environments
      - How
        
        Extracting water from rivers to use in
        homes
        
        Factories
        
        Farms
        
        Damming
        
        Water supply
        
        Flood control
        
        Hydroelectricity
        
        292 large rivers systems (2/3) have been changed by dams and reservoirs.
        
        Ecosystem disruption
        
        Fresh water disrupted
        
        Fertile soil disruption
        
        Food production disruption
        
        Dams disrupt the flow of water, flooding some areas and stopping water reaching other areas
        
        Farms and industry sources
      - 70% of water extracted in Australia goes to farming
      - Contamination
        
        Rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, seas and oceans
        
        A result of human activities
        
        shipping, fishing and oil drilling
        
        use of fertilizers and pesticides, littering, clearing land, creating tips and landfill, processing sewage and industrial activities
      - Impacts
        
        People loose access to clean, safe drinking water
        
        Sea life declines or is killed out
        
        Loss of food source
        
        Worldwide food shortages and famine
    - - Loss of productivity and decline in fertility of land-based environments
        
        Result of human activities
        
        Effects
        
        38% of the global farmland
        
        1.5 billion people, including Australian's
        
        Contributes to climate change
      - Soil Degradation
        
        The loss of soils fertility
        
        How?
        
        Chemical changes
        
        Acidic build up
        
        Fertilizer over used or not absorbed immediately
        
        Nutrients limitation
        
        Salinity
        
        Build up in salt
        
        Compaction
        
        Large machinery
        
        Hard hooved animals
        
        Cattle/cows
        
        Sheep
      - Soil Erosion
        
        Soil becomes gradually worn down
        
        How?
        
        Natural phenomena
        
        Gully Erosion is water scouring the land
        
        Rain
        
        Waves
        
        Glaciers
        
        Rivers
        
        Wind #
        
        In cleared areas wind erosion is more likely to occur
        
        Human Activities
        
        Clearing trees/deforestation
        
        Acceleration of erosion in many places
      - Ecosystem Decline
        
        Forests and streams have the ability to become degraded
        
        How
        
        Loss of vegetation
        
        Invasion of alien plants and animals
        
        Decline in quality of river or streams
        
        Paired with soil degradation leads to desertification
  - - - Increase in global temperature
    - - It used to be one of the biggest lake in Africa
      - Between 1963 and 2003 75% of the lake had declined
        
        Caused by population growth and climate change
        
        Population growth
        
        One of the main factors
        
        Increase in demand for water
        
        Population keeps growing
        
        Climate Change
        
        One of the main factors
        
        Drying climate made lake evaporate faster than it did before
    - - Fossil Fuels
        
        Burning produces carbon dioxide
        
        Contributes to the greenhouse effect
        
        Causes climate to alter
        
        76% of greenhouse emissions
      - Agriculture Methane
        
        24% of greenhouse emissions
        
        Livestock
        
        Chewing food
        
        1 cow produces 60-80Kg of methane per year
        
        Methane is the second largest contributor to global warming
        
        Approximately 1.4 Billion cattle on the Earth as of current time
      - Deforestation
        
        Trees store carbon dioxide
        
        When cut down or burnt they release the carbon dioxide
        
        Enhances greenhouse effect
      - When Carbon dioxide and methane get released into the atmosphere they create a layer called the greenhouse gases layer and it traps heat
        
        This continuously warms the planet
    - - Biodiversity loss
      - Changes in temperature and rainfall
      - Increase in natural disasters
        
        Droughts/floods
      - Oceans
        
        Temperature increase
        
        Sea levels
        
        Coral bleaching