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Geography-Yr10-HASS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Source
        
        natural products that can be used or converted by humans for our use
        
        mineral deposits such as coal which we turn into fuel
        
        iron ore which we use in manufacturing
        
        timber
        
        food sources
      - Sink
        
        Process in the natural environment that absorb our waste
        
        microorganisms in oceans break down oil spills
        
        bacteria in soil breaks down human waste
      - Service
        
        Things that are done for us by the natural environment that don’t produce consumable resources
        
        forests absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
        
        wetlands filter water and slow floodwaters
      - Spirituality
        
        The personal relationships that human beings have with the environment
        
        the connection that Indigenous Australians have with the land
        
        the experience of spending time in the natural environment and the sense of wellbeing it brings (surfing, bushwalking, etc)
    - - •Ecosystem services – benefits human receive from nature’s ecosystem
      - Humans have the ability to degrade the environment to such an extent that the ecosystem services on which we rely become threatened
  - - - Threatens the structure and proper functioning of the ecosystem
      - Structure of the food chain
      - Humans rely on plants and animals for food and medicines
      - Increases the spread of disease
      - Impacts food security
    - - Habitat change such as deforestation
      - Over exploitation of resources such as fresh water
      - Pollution of land, water and air
      - The spread of invasive species
      - Climate change brought about by human activity
    - - A biodiversity hotspot is an area with unusual concentration of species, many of which are endemic (native)
      - There are 35 biodiversity hotspots in the world
      - Hotspots have already lost 86% of their original habitats
      - Two criteria for a region to be classified as a biodiversity hotspot are:
        
        It must contain at least 1,500 species of native plants
        
        It has to have lost at least 70% of its original native habitat
  - - - damming rivers for water supply, flood control and hydroelectricity
      - pollution from farms and industry sources entering these waters
      - extracting water from rivers to use in homes, factories and farms
    - - Of the world’s 292 large river systems, two thirds have been changed by dams and reservoirs
      - Damming disrupts ecosystem services such as the provision of fresh water, fertile soil and food production
    - - Pollution is a result of human activities
        
        from activities conducted on land, a long way from the waterways
        
        the use of fertilisers and pesticides in farming, littering, clearing land, creating tips and landfill
        
        near the water
        
        shipping, fishing and oil drilling
      - Impacts
        
        people lose access to safe, clean, drinking water
        
        fish and other animals in the water are killed or slowly decline in health and population numbers
  - - - Considered to be the world’s worst environmental health risk today
      - Impacts
        
        Leads to increased rates of asthma, and lung and heart disease
        
        estimated that more than 3.5 million people around the world die each year from the outdoor air pollution
        
        4.3 million deaths each year are the result of indoor air pollution
      - Deaths from air pollution are increasing as the demand for cheap energy sources increases because of population growth
    - - Half of the world’s 40 most polluted cities are in India
      - Estimated that more than half a million Indians die prematurely from the effects of air pollution each year
      - 70% of India’s energy is generated from burning coal, much of which is imported from overseas
        
        Australia exports 47 million tonnes of coal to India each year
    - - 10kms above the earths surface is a concentrated layer of ozone
      - The ozone layer shields the earth and it’s inhabitants from much of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation
        
        exposure to this radiation is linked to increased rates of cancer and lower productivity of plants
      - Ozone hole
        
        In the 1970s scientists discovered a steady decline in the ozone layer (particularly above Antarctica)
        
        In an international agreement, chemicals released in the air around that time were banned in an attempt to stop the ozone hole increasing in size
        
        In recent years, there are signs that the ozone layer is beginning to recover. It is now expected to return to 1980s levels by 2070
  - - - the loss of fertility
        of the soil, often due to a chemical change
      - causes
        
        being compacted by
        large machinery
        
        being compacted by hard-hooved animals
        such as cattle and sheep
        
        becoming acidic due to a build-up of fertiliser or a loss of soil nutrients caused by farming the land too intensively
    - - when soil is gradually worn away by phenomena such as rivers,
        rain, waves, glaciers and the wind
      - human activites, particularly clearing trees for farming, accelerate erosion in many places
    - - the natural ecosystems of an area, such as forests and streams, can become degraded
      - causes
        
        loss of vegetation,
        
        plant and animal pests or a decline in the
        
        a decline in the quality of streams and rivers
  - - - fossil fuels
        
        Make up 76% of greenhouse gas emissions
        
        When fossil fuels (coal) are burnt they produce carbon dioxide which contributes to the greenhouse effect causing the climate to change
        
        What happened in the 1800s that caused such an increase in CO2 levels?
      - agriculture
        
        24% of our GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions
        
        Methane is the second largest contributor to global warming
        
        Produced by livestock (cows, sheep) as they chew their food
        
        Currently 1.4 billion cattle on Earth. 1 cow produces 60’80kgs of methane each year
      - deforestation
        
        As trees grow, they remove and store carbon dioxide from the air
        
        When trees are cut down or burned, their stored carbon is released into the air as carbon dioxide
    - - Methane and CO2 enter into the atmosphere and increase the layer of GHGs, trapping heat which creates the enhanced greenhouse effect and warms the planet
    - - Biodiversity loss
      - Changes in temperature and rainfall
        
        Increase in natural disasters
        
        Droughts, floods, etc.
      - Ocean
        
        Temperature increase
        
        Sea level increase
        
        Coral bleaching
  - - - By disrupting the ecosystem because they prey on native animals and plants
    - - They all like being in forests, most started as belongings or experiments then got released.
      - The things they have impacted.
      - I think the black rat has had the greatest impact because they have caused or contributed to the extinction of birds, mammals, reptiles and plants. They have also carried deadly bacteria.
    - - They compete with native animals for food, land and water
    - - Why do you think these countries have so many invasive species? Which features do they share that might help to explain the high numbers?
        
        They were both colonised by the British who sent animals to breed so people could have food on the continents
      - Why do you think that Africa and the Middle East have such low numbers of invasive species?
        
        All their migration was internal. They didn’t have a lot of people going in that area
      - Which countries have the highest numbers of invasive species?
        
        North America and Australia
    - - By deliberately moving them or accidentally moving them because they have hidden on the transport vessel
  - - - Changes in the Australian landscape since the arrival of Europeans have altered salinity of the land
      - Large areas of native vegetation have been cleared and replaced with shallow-rooted crops and grasses
      - This means that much more water is held in the soil and so the water table rises, bringing with it the salt
      - Salt collects in low lying areas, killing plants
      - As water evaporates, salt is left at or near the surface, creating salt pans where nothing can grow
      - The salt also moves across the landscape turning freshwater streams into salty drains
  - - - increasing population in the region (e.g. the population of all four affected countries is expected to double by
        2050 adding another 300 million people to the region)
      - increasing demand for water to irrigate crops
      - drying of the climate due to a decrease in the number of large rainfall events such as monsoonal storms
      - extremely high rates of evaporation due to the climate and the shallowness of the lake
      - increasing desertification in the Lake Chad catchment area
    - - In 1963, it was the world’s sixth largest lake
        with a total surface area of 23000 square kilometres
      - By 2001, this had declined by almost 75 per cent to a paltry
        300 square kilometres
- - - - tells you what all the feature on the map are
    - - compass
        
        ->East
        
        ^ North
        
        v South
        
        < West
    - - Ratio
        
        1: 200,000
        
        1cm on the map represents 200,000cm in real life
      - Linear
        
        1cm on the maps represents 1km in real life
  - - - E.g. The forest is at 2040
  - - - E.g. The bridge is at 227386
  - - - Natural features are not modified by humans
      - E.g. Rivers, mountains, Forests
    - - Features made by humans
      - E.g. Buildings, railways, roads
  - - - Latitudinal lines are the horizontal lines on a map
      - 0 degrees latitude is the Equator
      - -- degrees N or S
    - - Longitudinal lines are the horizontal lines on a map
      - 0 degrees longitude is the Prime Meridian
      - -- degrees E or W
  - - - Label the height of each contour and the positions of X and Y
      - Prepare a horizontal grid making the length of the grid equal to X
      - Mark the position or each countour
      - Mark in the heights along the verticals lines and label X and Y
      - Place the straight edge of a piece of paper along to points (X-Y)
      - Lay the strip of paper along the vertical lines along the base and transfer the height to the grid
      - Joint points with a smooth curve
      - Shade the section
      - Label and important features
      - Give it a title