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Energy Metabolism: Respiration - Coggle Diagram
Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Concepts
Photosynthesis- produces an excess of energy and reducing power, both of which are stored as glucose and starch.
Respiration- process that breaks down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules and simultaneously generates the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used to power other metabolic processes.
Carbon is oxidized->NADPH->NADPH carries electrons to carbon, reducing it.
Types of Respiration
Some plant and animal tissues and many fungi are
facultatively aerobic or anaerobic
meaning they can carry out both.
anaerobic- without oxygen. Also can be called
fermentation
Plants and fungi- pyruvate-> acetaldehyde reacts with NADH and forms ethanol
In animal tissues, NADH reacts with pyruvate to form lactate, the anion of lactic acid
Glucose is broken down by a metabolic pathway called
glycolysis
or the
EmbdenMeyerhoff pathway
Certain bacteria called
obligate anaerobes
exclusively carry out anaerobic respiration. Such bacteria are killed by oxygen
Aerobic- Requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Animals and plants must have oxygen for their respiration and are known as
obligate or strict aerobes
Glycolysis- gly. and em-mey. pathways are identical in anaerobic and aerobic. Produces ATP and NADH with oxygen present. The NADH migrates to electron carriers that oxidize it back to NAD.
Citric Acid Cycle- has 3 names. other 2 are kreb's cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle.
CAC- pyruvate is transported from the cytosol across the mitochondrial membranes to the mito. matrix.
Heat generating- heat 'lost' by mammals during respiration is crucial in order to maintain body temperature. When cold, the body shivers to quickly break down ATP and release the stored energy as heat.
Can be studied by poisoning normal aerobic respiration with cyanide; consequently heat-generating respiration is also called
cyanide resistant resp.
or
thermogenic resp.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway- involves several intermediates. Can be used in other pathways to make various compounds.
Of Liqids- undergo catabolic metab. in which they are broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids or glycerol phosphate and 2 fatty acids. They're broken down even further by
beta-oxidation
Photorespiration- Occurs only when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen rather than carbon dioxide to ribulose-1, 5- biphosphate resulting in 1 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate and one phosphoglycolate.
Environmental and internal factors
Temperature- 5-25 deg. cel. doubles the respiration rate. Above 40 deg. cel. slows it down greatly.
Lack of Oxygen- plants don't need as high oxygen concentrations as animals. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is so stable that it does not cause variations in respiration
Internal Regulation
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
During anaerobic glycolysis, 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized, whereas either 1 or 2 ATPs must be used to initiate the process, depending on whether or not glucose or glucose-6-phosphate is the initial substrate.
Respiratory quotient
the ratio of carbon dioxide liberated to oxygen consumed.
After the RQ values are calculated, it's relatively easy to measure the amounts of gases exchanged during respiration. A rise in the RQ indicates that leaf photosynthesis is meeting anabolic needs and producing extra for respiration.
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
the ethanol of these beverages is always produced by fermentation of glucose by yeasts.
Ethanol produced by fermentation finally kills the yeast if it builds up to a concentration of 14%-18%
Beer- made by fermenting starchy cereal grains, especially barley, wheat, corn, or rice.
Heated to 68-73 deg. cel. to allow the enzymes to become active for a couple of hours.
Wine- Fermented fruit juices that are rich in sugars. Different kinds of wine when there are other things mixed in besides grape vitis vinifera.
Spirits- alcoholic beverages with an ethanol content above 20%.
Fermentation of plants always produces ethyl alcohol and this is classified as a depressant. Drinking causes a person's reaction speed to slow and reduces their focusing ability.
All alcohols are poisonous, but our bodies are able to detoxify ethanol if drank in small amounts. Larger amounts cause hangovers and even larger amounts can cause death.
