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Biology - Coggle Diagram
Biology
Enzymes
Enzymes speed up reactions but do not break down in the reaction.
Enzymes also lower the required amount of energy for the reaction to begin.
Enzymes work best in certain temperatures and if the temperature goes down or up the desired level, the enzyme works less efficiently or deactivates the enzyme.
Enzymes need at least 15% water in the environment in order to work.
Types of enzymes
Simple enzymes: Enzymes composed of only proteins. Their protein part is named apoezyme.
Complex enzymes: Enzymes that need other molecules than proteins in order to function. The added molecule can be either a coezyme which are organic molecules or can be a cofactor which are inorganic molecules.
Enzyme models
Key-Lock model: In this model the enzyme and the substrate have corresponding geometrical shapes which allows for the enzyme to specialize for the molecule it was made for.
Induced-Fit model: Unlike Key-Lock model the enzyme changes shape until the substrate fits to the enzyme which proves that enzymes are rather flexible structures. After the reaction the enzyme returns to it's original shape waiting for another substrate.
Each enzyme works best as a certain ph which is usually determined by the environment the enzyme was designed to work in.
There are certain materials called inhibitors that slow down or prevent enzyme activity. They do this by taking the place of the substrate and preventing the enzyme from performing its duty.
There are certain materials called activaters which are the opposite of inhibitors. They speed up the reaction helping the ezymes.
Dna,Rna,Atp
Rna
Phospate group
One of the 3 pieces that form the nucleotide of RNA.
Nitrogenous base
Is made of four different nucleic acids which are Adenine,Uracil ,Guanin and Citozin.
Ribose
The main sugar found in RNA.
Types of RNA
mRNA(messenger RNA) which carries messages coded in DNA to the nuclus to the protein synthesis locations. Consists of the 5% of the total RNA.
tRNA(transfer RNA) which transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosomes according to the codes in mRNA. Consists of 15% percent of the total RNA.
rRNA(ribosomal RNA) which is found in the structure of ribosomes and consists of 80% percent of the total RNA.
Atp
Consists of 3 phospates and an adenosine which is a combination of adenine and ribose.
All living beings use ATP for energy requiring processes.
Energy is stored in high energy phospate bonds.
Cannot be stored in cells which results in it being consistently broken down and rebuilt.
Dna
Nitrogenous base
There are 4 different nuclotides in DNA: Adenine, Guanin, Citozin, Timin.
The corresponding nitrogenous bases are Adenin-Timin and Guanin-Citozin which they do with hydrogen bonds between them.
Phospate group
Forms the backbone of the DNA with the deoxyribose sugar.
Deoxyribose
Forms the backbone of the DNA with the phosphate group.
Made of the double helix model with two nucleotides in each side bonded together by a hydrogen bond in the middle.
Found in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and found in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
Proteins
Made up of amino acids.
Amino acids consists of a central C atom bonded with the Amino group and Carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a special group called the R group.
There are 20 different amino acids but humans are only able to synthesize 12 of them so the remaining 8 is brought from the outside.
The synthesis of a protein is achieved with monomers of amino acids coming together with the help of a dehydration reaction which creates dipeptides who are held together by peptide bonds.
Functions of proteins
Movement: Actin and myosin are important proteins when it comes to muscle contraction.
Protection/Defense: Antibodies are made of proteins which are synthesized by white blood cells. Antibodies help the imminunity system fight with infections by attaching to specific regions of the bacteria making it easier for the white blood cells to kill them.
Catalytic: A group of proteins called enzymes are key in speeding up many biological reactions.
Structural: Keratin is found in nails and hair and Collagen is found in skin are key to forming those structures.
Regulatory/Control: Hormones like insulin or growth hormone are proteins in nature, which have specific effects on the activity of certain target organs.
Energy: Proteins are the last energy source coming after carbohydrates and fats.
Transport: The protein channels in the cell membrane allow the passage of some molecules and ions. Also hemoglobin RBC carries oxygen in blood.
Vitamins
Fat-soluable
Vitamin E
Found in sunflower , olive , corn and soybean oils and nuts like peanuts hazelnuts and almonds among other foods such as sunflower seeds. Another great source of vitamin E is green vegetables such as spinach and broccoli.
Deficiency leads to less muscle development and increased aging.
It serves as an anti-oxidant which makes it's purpose to protect the body from free radicals which are hazards released when our bodies convert our food into energy.
Vitamin K
Found in green leafy vegetables which include turnip greens, parsley and spinach. Also found in vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts,cabbage and cauliflower.
Deficiency leads to nore brusising and bleeding since the main function of vitamin K is to make blood clot when there is bleeding or other injuries.
This vitamin is also produced by the bacteria found in gastrointestinal tract.
Vitamin D
Found in fatty fish like salmon,tuna and mackerel and dairy products.
Deficiency results in soft and thin bones and it is crucial in making the muscles move and carrying messages between the brain and the body.
Another crucial source of Vitamin D is the sun which is how many people get their Vitamin D needs in daily life.
Vitamin A
Found in Liver,eggs,cheese,fortified milk,spinach,turnip greens,lettuce,broccoli,apricots and carrots
Deficiency signs include night blindness and lesser bone and cell development leading to less growth and development in children.
water-soluable
Vitamin B
Found in fish, poultry, meat, eggs , dairy products, leafy green vegetables, beans and peas.
Deficiency results in pellegra, anemia and beri beri.
Their main role is to help with cell metabolism.
Vitamin C
Main function is to help with regular growth and development.
Found in all fruits and vegetables.
Deficiency results in decreased immunity system combat ability, gingivitis and a more severe form known as scurvy.