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c2 (solids , liqiids and gases, changes between the states of matter) -…

- - - - melting
    - - boiling
        
        from below surface as well as at surface
    - - freezing
    - - (at surface only)
        
        evaporation
    - - condensation
    - - sublimation
  - - - heating a solid causes its particles to vibrate more and as the temp increases they vibrate so much that the solid expands until its structure breaks and the solid melts
        
        on further heating, the nowliquid substance expands more and some particles at the surface gain sufficient energy to overcome the intermollecular forces and evaporate
        
        when bp temp is reached, all particles gain enough energy to escape and the liquid boils
        
        while changing state, the temp of the substance stays the same as the heat energy is rapidly converted into kinetic energy
        
        this is called latent heat
  - - - melting is when a solid changes into a liquid
      - requires heat energy which changes into kinetic energy, allowing the particles sto move
      - occurs at a specific temp known as the melting point which is unique to each pure solid
    - - boiling is when liquid changes to gas
      - requires heat energy which causes bubbles of gas to form below the surface of a liquid allowing for liquid particles to escape from the surface within the liquid
      - occurs at specific temp called the boiling point which is unique to each ure liquid
    - - freezing s when a liquid changes to solid
      - this is the reverse of melting and occurs and occurs at exact the same temp of melting hence the melting and freezing point of a pure substance are the same
      - requires a significant decrease in temperature
    - - when gas changes to a liquid, usually through cooling, when a gas is cooled its particles lose energy and when they bumo into eachother, they lack energy to bounce away again, instead grouping together to form a liquid
      - no energy requireed for condensation to occur and it takes place over a range of temps
    - - when a solid changes directly into a gas
        
        this happens only to a phew solids such as iodine or solid carbon dioxide
        
        the reverse action alsohappens and is calleddeposition
        
        occurs ony at specific temp which is unique for a pure substance
    - - at temperatures below the melting point
        
        the substance will be in the solid state
      - at tempertures above the melting point
        
        the substance will be in the liquid state
      - at temps above the boiling point
        
        the temperature will be in a gas state