Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Trace Evidence, Crushes the:, Relates to Locard's Principle:, Which…

- - - - Study of the interaction of light with matter
        
        Which is done by:
        
        Analyzing different chromatographic peaks
        
        Using electrons to ionize compounds, which breaks them up into simpler pieces
    - - Molecular vibrations
        
        Which is captured by:
        
        A spectrometer
        
        Which can:
        
        Detect a number of molecules
        
        Such as:
        
        2 more items...
        
        By:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Examples:
        
        DESI
        
        DART
    - - Mass Analyzer
        
        Which is:
        
        Separates gaseous ions based on mass-charge ratio
      - Detector
        
        Which is:
        
        Measures the magnitude/abundance of ionized compound
      - Ionization
        
        Which is:
        
        Imparting a charge onto a compound to cause fragmentation
  - - - Separation Science
        
        Can be split up into:
        
        Gas Chromatography
        
        Liquid Chromatography
    - - The collection of evidence #
      - Analyzing the breakdown of complex mixtures
  - - - Reflection
      - Refraction
        
        Which uses:
        
        Snell's Law
      - Converging lenses
    - - Microscopes
        
        Such as:
        
        Stereomicroscope
        
        Also known as:
        
        Sorting Microscope
        
        Dissecting Microscope
        
        Better than:
        
        A compound microscope
        
        Due to:
        
        3 more items...
        
        Helps determine:
        
        Colour
        
        Surface Structure
        
        Colour Layer Sequence
        
        Magnifies up to:
        
        10-125X
        
        FTIR Microscope
        
        Qualities:
        
        Nondestructive
        
        Swift
        
        Precise
        
        Used to determine:
        
        Chemical Composition
        
        Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)
        
        Example:
        
        Hitachi SU3500
        
        Magnifies up to:
        
        4-100,00X
        
        Useful for:
        
        Identification of small features and small deposits on items
        
        Can help with:
        
        Detecting Counterfeit Tokens
        
        Metal and Paint Analysis
        
        Failure Analysis #
- - - - Forensic Biologists
        
        Who Work in:
        
        Forensic Biology
        
        Which involves:
        
        DNA Analysis
        
        Includes:
        
        3 more items...
        
        Which involves:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Which includes:
        
        2 more items...
        
        The Centre of Forensic Sciences
        
        Whose findings help in:
        
        Eliminate Suspects
        
        Public Safety and Protection
        
        Support Charges
        
        Public Service
        
        Investigative Aid
        
        Missing Persons investigations
      - Forensic Engineers
        
        Who Work in:
        
        Forensic Engineering
        
        The Big Three
        
        Fire Investigation
        
        Product Failure
        
        Collision Reconstruction
        
        The four F's
        
        Form
        
        Function
        
        Fit
        
        Failure
        
        Relates to:
        
        Forensic Pathology
        
        Via:
        
        3 more items...
        
        Deals with:
        
        Product Failures
        
        Such as:
        
        6 more items...
        
        Judicial Anxiety
        
        Can be affected by:
        
        5 more items...
- - - - Consists of
        
        Cartridges (that contain bullets)
        
        Contains
        
        Cartridge Case
        
        Which:
        
        Functions as the casing; holds everything together
        
        Bullets
        
        Serves as:
        
        The projectile
        
        Powder
        
        Which is:
        
        The propellant
        
        Primer
        
        Uses
        
        Barium Nitrate
        
        1 more item...
        
        Antimony Sulfide
        
        1 more item...
        
        Lead Styphnate
        
        1 more item...
      - Limitations:
        
        Cannot be used for firing angles
        
        Victims are not sampled
        
        The number of particles found can vary
    - - Size:
        
        1-10µm, spherical
      - Can be collected from:
        
        Suspects
        
        Collected from:
        
        1 from each side of the face
        
        1 from each hand
        
        4 stubs per suspect
      - Detected via:
        
        Scanning Electron Microscopy
        
        Result:
        
        Positive
        
        Which concludes that:
        
        The suspect might have fired the gun
        
        The suspect touched a surface with GSR on it
        
        The suspect might have been near the gun when it was fired
        
        Negative
        
        Which concludes that:
        
        The suspect did not fire a gun
        
        The gun did not drop any GSR on the suspect's hands
        
        Sampling did not work
        
        The GSR particles were wiped away
    - - Pulling of the Trigger #
        
        Which
        
        Sets off the gunpower
    - - PDR - Primer Discharge Residue
    - - Pyrotechnic Devices
        
        Which are:
        
        Metal compounds that are added to produce colours and effects
        
        Such as
        
        Barium Salts
        
        Such as
        
        Lead Oxides
        
        Such as
        
        Antimony
        
        An example can be:
        
        Fireworks
        
        Similar to: #
      - Airbags
        
        Uses:
        
        A primer similar to gun primers
        
        Produces: #
    - - Forensic Glass Examination
        
        Definition:
        
        Glass is a brittle, non-crystalline, usually transparent or translucent material that is generally formed by the melting of sand with soda ash and limestone
        
        Includes:
        
        The analysis of Glass
        
        Which includes:
        
        Sand
        
        Soda Ash
        
        Limestone
        
        The analysis of Refractive Index
        
        Definition:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Which is done by:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Analyzing the thermal history
        
        The analysis of paint
        
        Can stay on clothing for as long as:
        
        30 minutes
        
        Applications of Glass includes:
        
        Flat glass
        
        Examples can be:
        
        Architectural
        
        Automotive
        
        Container
        
        Miscellaneous
        
        Such as:
        
        Optical
        
        Decorative
        
        Significance:
        
        As trace evidence: #
        
        Can indicate types of fracture
        
        Can tell the direction of impact
        
        Can inform one about the sequence of impacts
- - - - Fire
        
        Definition:
        
        The rapid oxidation of a fuel with the evolution of heat and light
        
        Requires:
        
        Oxygen
        
        Fuel
        
        Heat
        
        Chain Reaction
        
        Started by:
        
        An accelerant
        
        Definition:
        
        Any fuel that is used to start, spread, or increase in intensity of a fire
        
        Such as:
        
        3 more items...
        
        Examples include:
        
        Volatile Ignitable Liquids
        
        Hydrocarbon Gases
        
        Motor/Cooking Oils
        
        Only occurs when there is:
        
        Upper flammable range
        
        Lower flammable range
      - Explosives
        
        Definition:
        
        A rapid increase in volume and release of energy
        
        Qualities:
        
        Exothermic
        
        Produce Gas
        
        Occur very quickly
        
        Examples:
        
        Commercial
        
        Military
        
        Improvised/Homemade
        
        Types:
        
        High Explosives
        
        Low Explosives
        
        Examples:
        
        Propellant
        
        Pyrotechnics
      - Oxidation Reactions
        
        Example:
        
        Combustion
        
        Deflagration
        
        Rust (Iron Oxide)
        
        Detonation
      - Collection of evidence
        
        Which includes:
        
        Areas of origin
        
        Burn pattern areas
        
        Suspect clothing
        
        Is packaged in:
        
        A 1L Mason Jar
        
        Helpful for:
        
        Retaining Vapour
        
        A Nylon Bag
        
        Helpful for:
        
        Retaining Vapour
        
        Vials
        
        Which is done by using:
        
        Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
        
        Swabs
        
        X-Ray Differentiation
        
        Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry
        
        Limitations:
        
        Petroleum based products are common
        
        Some Volatile Ignitable Liquids may be inherent to some materials or be produced by their combustion
        
        Cannot provide evaporation rates or the amount of Volatile Ignitable Liquid that was originally produced
- - - - Pharmacokinetics
        
        4 Stages
        
        Metabolism
        
        Distribution
        
        Elimination
        
        Absorption
        
        Example:
        
        The absorption of Alcohol
        
        Occurs within:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Definition:
        
        How the drug is processed
      - Pharmacodynamics
        
        Definition:
        
        How the drug affects your body
        
        Example:
        
        The effects of alcohol on your body
        
        Which causes:
        
        2 more items...
        
        10-50mg/100mL
        
        1 more item...
        
        200-300mg/100mL
        
        1 more item...
        
        100-150mg/100mL
        
        1 more item...
        
        350mg/100mL
        
        1 more item...
        
        Which can be tested by:
        
        1 more item...
    - - Types of Specimen
        
        Such as:
        
        Urine
        
        Is the:
        
        Organ responsible for filtering blood and removing waste
        
        Stomach Contents
        
        Hematoma
        
        Defined as:
        
        Extravascular blood clot in tissues
        
        Liver
        
        Which is where:
        
        Most drugs are processed and eliminated (96-98%)
        
        Blood
        
        Which has the following sites:
        
        Peripheral Site
        
        Such as:
        
        3 more items...
        
        Other Sites
        
        Such as:
        
        2 more items...
        
        Central Site
        
        Such as:
        
        1 more item...
      - Biological Samples
        
        Such as: # # # #
        
        Vitreous Humor
      - Non-Biological Samples
        
        Such as:
        
        Syringes
        
        Cans
        
        Pipes
        
        Bottles
        
        Tablets