Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) Austro-German composer of symphonies after Brahms; master of song for voice and orchestra; 9 symphonies (4 of which used voice), 5 multimovement works for voice and orchestra; variety of instrumentation (large number of performers, 60 strings, 17 woodwinds, 23 brass, 6 timpani, percussion 4 harps, organ, soloists) large variety of effects; detailed programs; pair Classical sforzando, dynamic changes, harmonic twist with cellos/horn (Romantic instruments) "Kindertotenlieder" (1901-4) orchestral song cycle on Rückert poetry, emotional mismatch of text and music