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Life - Coggle Diagram

- - - - primary growth
        
        herbaceous plants
      - primary + secondary growth
        
        woody plants
  - - - Gravitropism (cued by statoliths, amyloplasts containing starch)
        
        Positive (towards gravity) in roots
        
        high IAA in root cells near surface inhibit cell growth
        
        Negative (away from gravity)
        
        low IAA in stem cells near surface stimulate cell growth
      - Thigmotropism
        
        grow away from touch/wind, also tendrils
      - Phototropism
        
        grow towards blue light
    - - carnivorous plants
    - - chromophore
        
        absorbs light
      - photoreceptor activity
      - kinase
        
        triggers response
    - - auxin/IAA
        
        cell elongation
      - gibberellic acids (GA)
        
        stem elongation
        
        breaking seed dormancy
      - abscissic acid (ABA)
        
        seed dormancy
        
        stomata opening/closing
      - cytokinins (CK)
        
        stimulate cell division
        
        retards senescence in leaves
      - ethylene
        
        triple response in seedlings
        
        inhibit stem elongation
        
        lateral expansion
        
        horizontal growth
        
        leaf abscission
        
        fruit ripening
  - - - Xylem
        
        unidirectional
        
        roots to leaves
        
        driven by negative pressure
        
        cohesion bulk transport driven by transpiration
        
        tracheids, vessel elements (dead at maturity)
      - Phloem
        
        from source - where energy produced/stored, leaves/tubers
        
        to sink - where needed, actively growing plant parts, developing root organs
        
        active transport for phloem loading
        
        pressure flow hypothesis
        
        sieve-tube elements, companion cells
      - other nutrient/water transport
        
        short-distance transport of water + minerals
        
        symplastic
        
        within cells (plasmodesma)
        
        apoplastic
        
        cell walls
    - - Collenchyma
        
        thicker/uneven cell walls
      - Sclerenchyma
        
        lignin in cell walls
        
        dead at maturity
      - Parenchyma
        
        chloroplasts
        
        most of plant's metabolic processes
- - - - Choanoflagellates
        
        similar to sponge collar cells, possible ancestor of all animals
      - single posterior flaggellum
      - Mesomycetozoa
        
        parasites
    - - Green algae
        
        Charophytes
        
        closest living relatives of land plants
        
        presence indicates health ecosystem
        
        Chlorophytes
        
        most abundant group of algae
      - Red algae (rhodophytes)
        
        red comes from phycoerythrins (accessory photopigments that obscure chlorophyll's green)
        
        red seaweed, agar
        
        two sporophyte phases
      - Endosymbiotic relationship b/w heterotrophic protists + cyanobacterium
      - Glaucophytes
        
        chloroplast cell walls retain remnants of peptidoglycan cell wall of ancestral cyanobacterial endosymbiont
    - - Gymnomoebae
      - Slime Molds
        
        Favorable conditions
        
        Function as independent cells
        
        Unfavorable conditions
        
        Come together to form fruiting bodies + spores like fungi
        
        form net-like plasmodium - multinucleate cell
      - move with pseudopodia (tubes/lobes)
  - - - engulfed red algal cell
      - Alveolates
        
        Dinoflagellates
        
        two perpendicular flagella attached to two interlocking plates of cellulose
        
        spins as it moves
        
        plankton, bioluminescence, red tides
        
        Apicomplexians
        
        apical complex - specialized for entry + infection of host cells
        
        Plasmodium (malaria)
        
        Ciliates
        
        covered in cilia, fused cilia form paddles, funnels, fins
        
        Tetrahymena
        
        Paramecium
        
        oral groove > food vacuole > digestive enzymes > anal pore
        
        macronucleus + micronucleus for reproduction
        
        alveolus (membrane-enclosed sac) under cell membrane
      - Stramenopiles
        
        diatoms
        
        silicon dioxide shells
        
        brown algae
        
        giant kelp
        
        golden algae
        
        caretenoids
        
        plankton
        
        oomycetes
        
        "egg fungus"
        
        fungus-like
        
        hairy flagellum
    - - diplomonads
        
        residual mitochondria called mitosomes
        
        Giardia
        
        anaerobic
      - asymmetrical, single-celled w/ feeding groove
      - parabasalids
        
        Trichomonis vaginalis
        
        digest cellulose in termite and rumen guts
        
        modified mitochondria called hydrogenosome
      - Euglenozoans
        
        Kinetoplastids
        
        African sleeping sickness (Trypanasoma brucei)
        
        many parasites
        
        flagella w/ crystalline rods
        
        Euglenids
        
        secondary endosymbiosis of heterotroph with green algal ancestor (3 layers of chloroplast membrane)
    - - threadlike, needle-like, root-like pseudopodia + tests (shells)
      - tests (shells) of calcium carbonate, silicon, or stontium
      - Foramniferans/Forams
        
        calcium carbonate tests
        
        resemble tiny snails
        
        indicators of pollution/global change
      - Radiolarians
        
        intricate, geometric silica tests
        
        sink to ocean floor + accumulate
      - Cercezoa
        
        Chlorarachniophytes
        
        photosynthetic (acquired chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis)