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Explanations for forgetting: Retrieval failure - Coggle Diagram
Explanations for forgetting: Retrieval failure
Carter + Cassaday (1998) State-Dependent Forgetting:
Procedures:
Antihistamine drugs were given to participants
Participants had to learn a list of words and passages of prose - then must recall the info again
4 conditions:
Learn on drug > recall not on drug
Learn not on drug > recall on drug
Learn on drug > recall on drug
Learn not on drug > recall not on drug
Findings:
Memory significantly worse when there is a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall
Evaluations:
W - Recall vs Recognition:
Contexts effects may depend substantially on the type of memory being tested
Godden + Baddeley recreated their environment with recognition instead of recall - no context-dependent effect, performance was the same in all 4 categories
Retrieval failure is a limited explanation for forgetting - only applies when a person has to recall rather than recognise
S - Research support:
Amount of research that supports the retrieval failure theory is immense
Shows that lack of relevant cues at recall to context/state dependent forgetting in everyday life
Retrieval failure occurs in real-world situations as well
S - Real-world application:
Retrieval cues can help to overcome some forgetting in everyday situations
Trouble remembering something? Worth to recall in the environment it is learnt
Research can remind us of strategies we can use in real life to improve recall
Godden + Baddeley (1975) Context-Dependent Forgetting:
Conclusion:
External cues available at learning were different from the ones available at recall (led to retrieval failure)
Findings:
Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions
2 conditions - environmental contexts of learning and recall matched , 2 other conditions did not
Procedures:
Divers learnt a list of words either underwater or on land
4 conditions:
Learn underwater > recall underwater
Learn underwater > recall on land
Learn on land > recall on land
Learn on land > recall underwater