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Hardware and operating systems - Coggle Diagram
Hardware and operating
systems
Computer language and function
ASCII
ASCII (the American Standard code for Infirmation Interchange) uses 7 bits to store up to 128 different characters
Computer functions
Hardware are the physical components of computer systems that we use. Software are the data and instructions we use to manage data.
Output of data using peripheral devices
Storing data in the storage devices
Input of data using peripheral devices.
Processing data in the central processing unit (CPU), using the microprocessopr and the memory.
When we communicate or memorise a sentence, we use a lot of different symbols, sounds and images. Computers only use the numbers 0 and 1.
This is known as the binary system.
The smallest unit of information that we can store on a computer (0 or 1) is called a bit (b), which is an abrbreviation for binary digit. Eight bits together fortm a byte (B).
Computer elements
Motherboard and connecting devices
Inside the computer you'll find a large board; we call it the motherboard. All the other components of the computer are connected to it.
Various input/output ports
The IDE or ATA and SATA connectors connect the hard disk, CD drive and DVD drive to the motherboard.
The chipset is a number of integrated circuits designed to perform related functions; they control the flow of bits to and from the motherboard.
Slots that can be used to expand or add new components, such as a modem, sound card, network card and so on.
Connecting external devices
By special connectors on the motherboard, for such devices as the hard disk, DVD drives and so on.
Using the external ports on the side or back of the computer, for example, the USB port.
Using an expansion slot on the motherboard, to connect a sound card or a graphics card, for example.
We can physically connect devices to the computer in different ways by:
We can also install new divices
Asistente para agregar hardware in Windows
Informe sobre nuevos dispositivos (HERMES), a report on new devices in Linux
Memory and units of storage
Cache memory
It stores the data that the microprocessor uses most often
Storage devices
Magnetic disks
Solid-state memory
Optical discs
RAM
It's the computer's main memory
ROM BIOS
It's the initial check of the system carried out by using instructions stored in a special read-only only memory
Microprocessor
Is an integrated circuit made up of millions of tiny transitors working together to process the instructions and data received from the memory.
Today's microprocessors can process 64 bits at a time
A microprocessor's power can also depends on its cache memory and the speed at which it communicates with the RAM.
The clock rate sets the pace at which processes are completed. The clock continously generates electrical impulses.
Software and operating systems
Operating system
Manages the system resources, making them available for use by the user and the applications.
Applications
Presentations
Database management tools
Spreadsheets
Drawing problems
Word processors
Antivirus software, file comnpressors, web browsers and webmail software, games and sso on.
Protgramming languages
These programs can be used to create other programs and applications.
The operating system
It's the first thing that appears when you turn on your computer and the last thing you see when you turn it off.
This sytems provides a working enviroment that makes it easy to access all the various applications, find information about different elements of the computer and to manage the files and folders
The operating system finds the application on the hard disk, sends a copy of it to the RAM, and loads in onto the screen.
The program is now the active application. It receives data from the keyboard and sends instructions to the microprocessor through the operating system.
When we save the document, the operating system looks for free space on the hard disk and transfersthe data from the memory to that space
To print, click on
Imprimir
, and the word processor will send the command to the operating system, which sends the appropiate signals to the printer.
When we close the word processor, the operating system deletes the application from the memory, though not from the hard disk.
Functions of the operating system
Manages the microprocessor
. If several applications are open at the same time, the operating system calculates how much time the microprocessor should give to each one.
Manages the memory and storage systems
, making space avaiable for the different applications.
Provides an interface or working enviroment
for the user
Allows
communication between applications and peripheral devices
.
Windows operating system
Hard disk maintenance
Defragmenting the hard disk
Detecting and repairing errors
Cleaning the hard disk
We can install program using an installation wizard that guide us through the programs. The Agregar o Quitar programas tool is very useful for adding the removing programs.
Saving power.
It's specially important to select the right power options for laptops. To do this, click on
Panel de control -> Opciones de energía
System updates
Through
Inicio -> Programas -> Windows update
. This takes you to Microsoft's webpage where you can select updates.
By activing the automatic updates tool.
Actualizaciones automáticas, vía Inicio -> Panel de control -> Rendimmiento y Mantenimmiento -> Sistema
Linux operating system
Installing and uninstalling programs
AÑADIR y QUITAR
in the
APLICACIONES
menu. This is the easiest way to add and remove applications.
Synaptic package management program
. To open it, select
Sistema -> Administración
. This program gives you more control over the installation process.
Select the program you want
Click on
Aplicar cambios
to apply the changes
Go to
Aplicaciones
menu and select
Añadir y Quitar
. The
Añadir y Quitar aplicaciones
window will appear.
Confirm the installation by clicking on
Aplicar
.
In
Añadir y Quitar Aplicaciones
, select the program and click on
Aplicar cambios
Go back to
Aplicaciones -> Añadir y Quitar
The operating system will uninstall the application
First method to install and uninstall a program
To uninstall
How to keep your system up to date
Open the
Gestor de Actualizaciones
through
Sistema -> Administración
Click on
Comprobar
. A list of recommended updates will appear. Click on
Instalar Actualizaciones
to install the selected updates
Computer networks
A computer network is a set of computers connected to each others so they can share resources and exchange information
We can divide computer networks into three categories, depending on their size
Metropolitan area networks,made up of several LANs
Wide area networks, covering a country or continent
Local area networks or LANs
LANs
Linear
Ring
Star
The hub distributes all the information it receives between the other computers in the network
Each computer needs an adaptor or networ card to send information to the other computers and receive information back
This information travels down a transmission medium, normally a cable similar to a telephone wire with an RJ45 connector on the end
Coaxial and fibre optic cables are so used
Wireless networks
These networks, knowm as WLANs, use electromagnetic waves to transmit data. All computer needs to have a wireless network card