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GEOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram
GEOGRAPHY
7 CONCEPTS OF GEOGRAPHY
PLACE- place refers to a part of the Earths surface given meaning by people. Refers to natural and built environments.
SPACE- space refers to the way things are arranged on Earths surface. Places can be divided into spaces. Spaces have 3 elements:
location
organisation (how things are arranged)
distribution (patterns of how things are arranged)
ENVIRONMENT- the living and non living things in an area as a whole. For example, how humans change the environment, or how natural hazards impact us.
INTERCONNECTION- refers to the links between all living things, on a local or global scale.
SUSTAINABILITY- ongoing capacity of the Earth to support all life.
CHANGE- change refers to the human and natural processes that take place on a local and global level.
SCALE- scale refers to the spatial level at which we look at something, whether at the local level, regional level, national, international or global level.
FEATURES OF LAND
PHYSICAL FEATURES- physical features are those that occur naturally on the Earths surface. Examples include:
landmarks
forest
mountains
CULTURAL FEATURES- cultural features are those that altered or created by humans. Examples include:
crossroads
roads
cities
doctors, hospitals
COMPASS POINTS. N, E, S, W, NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
Border Orientation Legend Title Scale Source
LANDFORMS
HILL- an area of land that is higher than the surrounding area. It is not high enough to be called a mountain. A hill becomes a mountain when it is over 500m high.
SPUR- a finger of highland. Often valleys are separated by spurs
VALLEY- a long and usually narrow indentation in the Earths surface. Most valleys have rivers running through them.
PLATEAU- an elevated area of fairly level land.
RIDGE- a long, narrow area of highlands
SADDLE- the lowest point between two mountain tops
IMPACTS ON THE LAND IN AUSTRALIA
SOIL DEGRADATION- loss of fertility in the land. It can be caused by over farming, too much fertilizer, getting compacted by machine or animals, salinity levels.
SOIL EROSION- when soil is worn away by nature, such as wind, or water. Clearing the land makes the soil vulnerable to wind erosion, sheet erosion, or gully erosion.
TYPES OF EROSION-
Wind= layer of soil is blown away by wind
Sheet= large layer of soil washed away
Gully= narrow gully created by water
ECOSYSTEM EROSION- ecosystems in an area can be lost for a variety of reasons. It might be loss of plants, invasive species, decline in water quality. Desertification.
CHANGING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE?
Environmental change is any alteration to the environment that disturbs natural ecological processes.
ANTHROPOCENE- this is an era in which humans are the main drivers of change. One of our largest threats is fossil fuels leading to runaway climate change. The release of greenhouse gases (CO2) is leading to global warming.
STATS
75% of Earths land is managed by humans
40% of Earths land is used for agriculture.
50% of the worlds forests have been lost.
CHANGES TO LAND
Deforestation
Overpopulation
Climate change
Warfare
Cities
CHANGES TO ATMOSPHERE
Air pollution
Climate change
Ozone layer
CHANGES TO WATER
Acidification
Climate change
Contamination
Increase in use
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
WHAT IS IT?
An ecological footprint is a measure of how fast we consume resources and the land needed to deal with the waste created. Australia has one of the highest in the world.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
-Approx. 50% of the suns energy is absorbed by Earth, and 50% is reflected.
-Greenhouse gases trap some of this escaping light energy, which becomes heat.
-With this effect, the Earths average temp is 14 degrees. It would be -19 degrees without it.
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
rising sea levels
-heat waves
-wars over resources
-drought
-coastal areas relocated
-loss of harvests
-prices of goods will rise
-extreme weather events
-disease
DIRECTIONS 2031
WHAT IS URBAN SPRAWL? Urban sprawl is the growth of towns and cities spreading and taking over areas of the countryside. Perth has a plan to help deal with sustainability issues and climate change. Sustainable cities , growing within the limits placed on us by the environment.
By 2050, Australia population is expected to increase by 3.8 million people. Perth will soon be Australia's third largest city (via population).
PERTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Rainfall patterns in WA have changed over the last 40 years. This has had some serious implications and consequences for urban water supplies and agriculture.
Sea levels along the coast are rising more than a double global average. This poses a risk to WA's coastal infrastructure.
WA's home to so many endangered and special species. Climate change can pose threats to the population of those species. Populations are likely to decrease.