Geography
7 Main Concepts
Place- Refers to the part of the Earth's surface given meaning by people. It refers to both natural and built human environments
Space- Refers to the way things are arranged on the Earth's surface. Places can be divided into spaces. Spaces have three elements location, organisation[how things are arranged], distribution[patterns of where things are located].
Environments- Means the living and non-living things in an area as a whole. For example, how humans change the environment or how natural hazards impact us.
Interconnection- Refers to the links between all living and non-living things, on a local or global level.
Sustainability- On going capacity of the Earth to support all life.
Change- Refers to the process, both human and natural, that takes place on a local and global level.
Scale- Refers to the spatial level at which we loom at something whether at the local level, national level, international or global level.
Skills
Measuring distance(scale)
Area references and grid references
Contour mapping and cross-sections
Environmental Change
Maps Knowledge
Directions- 
Latitude and Longitude
Landforms [contours]
Physical and Cultural Features
Impacts to the Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect-Approximately 50% of the suns energy is absorbed, and the other 50% is reflected back
Global Warming-A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants
Types of Gases
Methane
Fluorinated Gases
Carbo Dioxide
Nitrous Oxide
Impacts to Land
Ecosystem Decline- Ecosystem in an area can be lost for a variety or reasons. Loss of plants, invasive species, decline in water etc.
Soil Degradation- Loss of fertility in the land. Can be caused by over-faming, too much fertiliser, getting compacted by machines or animals or salinity
Soil Erosion- When soil is worn away by wind or water. Clearing land makes soil vulnerable to wind erosion, sheet or gully erosion
Impacts to Water
Climate Change- a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels
Rainfall Patterns-Climate change influences severe weather by causing longer droughts and higher temperatures in some regions and more intense deluges in others affecting the rainfall patterns that we have
Damming and Irrigation- A majority of the dams built in the world are multipurpose in nature, but irrigation is the largest user of the waters withdrawn. due to a dam, reducing flood hazard due to inundation of land, crop and property which might result into economic upheavals. It also reduces congestion of runoff in plains and coastal lands.
Streams Dry Up- Has caused significant problems in large and small wells, especially in sensitive catchments, where interactions between aquifers and overland flows are pronounced
Habitat Destruction- Is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby reducing biodiversity and species abundance.
Pollution- Introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light
Plastics- Marine species ingest or are entangled by plastic debris, which causes severe injuries and deaths. Plastic pollution threatens food safety and quality, human health, coastal tourism, and contributes to climate change
Groundwater Depletion- Caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a key issue associated with groundwater use
Loss of Biodiversity - Includes the extinction of species worldwide as well as local réduction or loss if species in a certain habitat
Physical Feature- Those occurring naturally on the Earth's surface like forests and mountains
Cultural Feature- Those that are altered or created by humans such as roads or cities
Latitude is the measure of of distance north or south of the equator [33 drees South]
Longitude is the measure of distance east or west of the equator [168 degrees East]
2 types of scale
Linear- You read the scale at the bottom to show that 1cm represents 1km on the map
Ratio Method- A ratio of 1:200 000 which shows that 1cm represents 2km on the map
Area Reference- 4 digit reference 2 being for the easting and 2 being for the northern
Grid Reference- 6 digit reference to give the exact location of something with eastings and northings
Cross sections- Lines that show a sideways view of a landscape
Contour mapping
Topographic map- concerns the shape and character of the Earth's surface, and maps were among the first artifacts to record these observations
Contour Lines- joins points of equal elevation above a given level, such as mean sea level
Hill- An area of land that is higher than the surrounding area. Becomes a mountain once over 500 m
Spur- A finger of highland. Often valleys are separate by
Valley- A long usually narrow indentation in the Earth's surface
Plateau- An elevated area of fairly level land
Ridge- A long narrow area of highland areas
Saddle- Lowest point between two mountaintops
Warming Potential- 300 X CO2
%- 6
How long it lasts - 100 years
Warming Potential- Baseline
%- 76
How Long it Lasts- About half within 100 years, goes up 10% to 10,000 years later
Warming Potential- 300 X CO2
%- 2
How Long it Lasts- 10,000+ years
Warming Potential- 25 X CO2
%- 16
How Long it Lasts- 10 years