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Geography - Coggle Diagram

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  - - - Latitude is measured in degrees and minutes north or south of the equator (0o latitude)
      - Longitude is measured in degrees and minutes east or west of the Prime Meridian (0o longitude)
      - Australia is in the southern and eastern hemispheres. Therefore, any place in Australia must have a latitude that is south and a longitude that is east.
      - Within each degree of latitude and longitude there are 60 minutes.
      - The diagram shows how latitude and longitude are calculated.
  - - - Hill: an area of land that is higher than the surrounding area. It is not high enough to be called a mountain.
        
        A hill becomes a mountain when it is over 500m high.
    - - Spur: a finger of highland. Often valleys are separated by spurs.
    - - Valley: A long and usually narrow indentation in the Earth’s surface. Most valleys have rivers running through them.
    - - Plateau: an elevated area of fairly level land.
    - - Ridge: a long, narrow area of highlands areas.
    - - Saddle: the lowest point between two mountain tops
- - - - An area reference allows people to find a general location in a grid square. Area references comprise four-figure numbers. The first two figures are always an easting and the second two figures are always a northing.
    - - A grid reference is a location on a map, which is found using the northing and easting numbered lines. Grid references are useful for helping a map user to find specific locations.
- - - - an uncontrolled fire in the trees and bushes of scrubland. Bushfires in Australia are a widespread and regular occurrence that have contributed significantly to shaping the nature of the continent over millions of years.
    - - A drought is a prolonged period with less-than-average amounts of rain or snow in a particular region. The severity of the drought depends on the amount of time that a region receives below-average precipitation.
    - - A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline
  - - - Overcropping of animal populations means killing more animals than being replaced by the normal breeding cycle. This results in the decrease of the population. One of the important roles for ecologists is to find out how many animals can be removed from a population without making them close to extinction. Regulations control how many animals may be taken. These regulations vary for different species.
    - - insecticide
        
        Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects by killing them or preventing them from engaging in undesirable or destructive behaviors. They are classified based on their structure and mode of action.
      - why pesticidesis a problem
        
        Because the animals tend to eat lots of organisms from the level below in food chains, the concentration of pesticide in the bodies of organisms increases at higher levels of food chains. This can result in the toxicity of the pollutant reaching fatal levels in the organisms at the top of the food chain.
      - what is it?
        
        Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Over 1000 different pesticides are used around the world.
        Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture to kill pests that damage crops.
      - who is at risk?
        
        The general population is exposed to low levels of pesticides through food and water, and these are not typically cause for concern. People at higher risk of adverse health effects are those who work directly with pesticides, such as agricultural workers, and those who are in the immediate area when pesticides are applied. People not involved with applying the pesticide should avoid the area during and immediately after its use.
    - - animals and plants brought to Australia from other countries are known as introduced species.
        
        the impact of introduced species
        
        These include the loss or alteration of native habitats, the killing of large numbers of native species, extinction of native species, impacts on human health, and escalating economic costs.
        
        the animals cannot survive in habitats that they are not suited for.
        
        An introduced species (also known as an exotic species) is an organism that is not native to the place or area where it is considered introduced and instead has been accidentally or deliberately transported to the new location by human activity.
    - - When a natural habitat, such as a forest or wetland, is altered so dramatically that it no longer supports the species it originally sustained. Plant and animal populations are destroyed or displaced, leading to a loss of biodiversity.
        
        biodiversity definition-
        
        the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.
    - - When chemicals are released into our environment and disrupts the balance of our ecosystems, threatening our health, polluting the air we breathe and contaminating our food.
      - sources of chemical production
        
        Agriculture
        
        Household Chemicals
        
        Industries and Factories
        
        Transportation
  - - - 40 percent of land is used for farming
      - 75 percent of all land is managed
      - 50 percent of forests cleared : : :
      - the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
    - - biodiversity loss describes the decline in the number, genetic variability, and variety of species, and the biological communities in a given area.
    - - Greenhouse Effect
        
        Types of gasses
        
        Carbon dioxide
        
        CO2
        
        Ozone
        
        O₃
        
        Fluorinated gases
        
        F-gases
        
        Nitrous Oxide
        
        N₂O
        
        Methane
        
        CH₄
        
        Global warming
        
        is the unusually rapid increase in Earth's average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.
    - - Ecosystem decline
        
        Ecosystem decline is principally interpreted as vegetation change.
      - Soil degradation
        
        Soil degradation is the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes.
      - Soil erosion
        
        Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil
    - - Commercial and agricultural overuse
      - Pollution
        
        Plastics
        
        Marine species ingest or are entangled by plastic debris, which causes severe injuries and deaths. Plastic pollution threatens food safety and quality, human health, coastal tourism, and contributes to climate change.
      - Groundwater depletion
        
        long-term water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping
      - Damming and irrigation
        
        Streams dry up
        
        water scarcity
        
        The lack of access to enough safe water
        
        Important for drinking, growing of crops, cleaning
        
        World population is growing, so the management of water is even more crucial
        
        Competition for water can lead to shortages, when there is not adequate water, food security is put at risk
        
        Habitat destruction
        
        this could lead to extinction
      - Climate change
        
        Effects include rising global temperatures and changes in levels of rainfall
        
        Rainfall patterns
        
        over the last 100 years there has been a dramatic decline in the level of rainfall we see each year
        
        Long term changes in weather events and patterns worldwide
        
        May cause more frequent droughts or floods in some regions