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Chapter 2: ecosystem - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2:
ecosystem
2.1:energy flow in
an ecosystem
1 PRODUCERS
2.CONSUMERS
3.DECOMPOSERS
4.FOOD CHAIN
5.FOOD WEB
6.ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM
1.PRODUCERS:
Organisms that are able to make their own food(Photosynthesis)
3.DECOMPOSERS:
organisms that break waste materials and dead organisms into simpler organic materials or nurients
CONSUMERS:
organisms that are not able to make their own food.
they eat producers and other organisms
A) PRIMARY CONSUMERS:
Eats producers
B) SECONNDRARY CONSUMERS:
eats primary consumers
C) TERTIARY CONSUMERS:
eats secondrary consumers
4.FOOD CHAINS:
a series of organisms starting with a producer,followed by a few consumers
A) Used to show the feeding relationship between organisms
5.FOOD WEB:
is made up of several interconnected food chains
6.ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM
A) Main source of energy:The sun
B) green plants absorb sun”s light energy and converts it into chemical energy
C) when the primary consumer eats the producer,this chemical energy is transferred to the primary consumer.
The process is the same for the secondrary consumer and tertiary consumer
D) not all chemical energy the chemical energy transferrred is stored in the body of the consumer.Some of the energy is lost in the form of heat or chemical energy in the form of faesces or used to carry out activities and life processes such as:
movement
respiration
reproduction
excretion
2.2:
Nutrient cycle in
an ecosystem
1.OXYGEN CYCLE
2.CARBON CYCLE
3.WATER CYCLE
4.STEPS TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS WHEN
THERE IS AN INTEFERENCE
TO THE NUTRIENT CYCLE
1.OXYGEN CYCLE
A) in the oxygen cycle ,oxygen is used for the following processes:
respiration
decaying
combustion
rusting
B) Oxygen is used by bacteria and fungi(decomposers)to break down plant remains and animal carcasses into simpler materials using the process of decay.
C) in the process of rusting,iron reacts with oxygen
D) Oxygen is produced during the process of photosynthesis.
2.CARBON CYCLE:
A) Carbon is used in the form of carbon
dioxide or its compound in processes such as:
A1: photosynthesis process(plants use carbon in the form of carbon dioxide to make food)
A2: nutritional processes (animals obtain carbon in the form of carbon compounds from plants and other animals that they eat)
B) carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is
returned to the atmosphere in
processes such as:
respiration
decaying
combustion
2.WATER CYCLE
A) In the water cycle,water in gaseous state
is returned to the atmosphere in
the following processes:
Evaporation
transpiration
respiration
4.STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS WHEN THERE IS AN INTERFERENCE TO THE NUTRIENT CYCLE
A) human activities such as:
A1) unrestricted logging
A2) burning of fossil fuels
A3) overconsumption of water resources
for agriculture and domestic uses can disrupt(or negatively
affect) the nutrient cycles such as the oxygen,carbon and water cycles
A1) UNRESTRICTED LOGGING(steps to solve this)
Control deforestation in an organised and systematic manner
A2) BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS
replace burning of fossil fuels with burning of non fossil fuels like nuclear fuel.
Use of alternative or renewable energy
A3) OVERCONSUMPTION OF WATER SOURCES
increase water sources by using underground water,recycled water,water obtained from mist and seawater using reverse osmosis
2.3:
Interdependance and interaction among organisms and between organisms and the enviroment
1.INTERDEPENDANCE AMONG LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIROMENT FOR A BALNCED ECOSYSTEM
2.IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTATION OF LIVING THINGS IN THE ENVIROMENT
3.INTERACTION BETWEEN ORGANISMS
4.PREDATOR-PREY
5.COMPETITION
6.SYMBIOSIS
7.MUTUALISM
8.COMMENSALISM
9.PARASITISM
1.INTERDEPENDANCE AMONG LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIROMENT FOR A BALANVED ECOSYSTEM
A) SPECIES: a group of organisms that have the same charecteristics and can breed together to producer new offsprings
B) POPULATION:
a group of organisms of the same species
that live together in the same habitat
C) COMMUNITY
made up of all the different populations living together and interacting with on another in a habitat
D) HABITAT
natural surrounding or home of an organism where it lives independantly
E) ECOSYSTEM
made up of different communities living together in an enviroment including non living components such as:
air
water
land
2.IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTION OF LIVING THINGS
TO THE ENVIROMENT
A) The climatic determines enviromental factors like:
temperature
light
humidity
B) TROPICAL
This area becomes the habitat for various types of wild animals like:
elephant
tigers
monkeys
C) TUNDRA
Polar bears and arctic foxes have a thick layer
of fat to prevent the loss of heat to the surroundings
D) DESSERT
Cactus have needle shaped leaves
to prevent an excessive loss of water.Camels have humps on its back to store and water
3.INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
4.PREDATOR- PREY
A) Involves the predator which hunts and eats its prey
B) PREDATOR:
organism which hunts and eats other organisms
C) PREY
Organism that is being hunted and eaten by other organisms
5.COMPETITION
A) Happens when organisms in a habitat compete for the same and limited basic needs such as:
light
food
space
mating partners
6.SYMBIOSIS:
A)Two or more organisms of different species and
interact with one another
7.MUTUALISM
Benefits both organisms
COMMENSALISME
Benefits one organism but doesn’t benefit or harm the other organism
9.PARASITISM
Benefits only one organism and harms the other organism