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Unit 2 Diseases/ Conditions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Causes
        
        Airway
        
        Drug induced CNS depression
        
        CNS origin
        
        Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
        
        Thoracic cage / Shallow breathing (hypoventilation)
        
        Compensation
        
        Kidney: HCO3 would increase
        
        Lungs: Increase breathing, less CO2, give oxygen
        
        After compensation: you get more acid in the urine, and bicarb regeneration
    - - Causes
        
        CNS trauma (brain injury, stroke)
        
        anxiety, hypoxemia
        
        hypermetabolic state
        
        excessive mechanical ventilation
        
        hyperventilation
        
        Compensation
        
        Kidney: HCO3 would decrease; H+ is retained
        
        Lungs: Decrease breathing (ex. breathe into paper bag to retain CO2)
        
        After compensation: Acid secretion in urine decreased, bicarb regeneration decreased
  - - - Causes
        
        renal failure causing acid waste, decreased renal acid secretion
        
        lactic acidosis
        
        ketoacidosis of diabetes
        
        Compensation
        
        Lungs: Respiration rate would increase, blowing CO2 out, hyperventilation
        
        IV fluids with Bicarb, potassium supplements, mechanical ventilation
        
        After compensation: increased acid in urine and bicarb regeneration
        
        Increase in H ions, loss of alkali
    - - Causes
        
        Post code excess bicarb IV
        
        Excess bicarb (HCO3) ingestion
        
        Addition of base to body fluid
        
        vomiting of excess gastric acid
        
        loss of H+
        
        Compensation
        
        Lungs: breathing will slow down to compensate and retain CO2
        
        Kidney: attempts to retain H+; retaining H+ OVER K+. HYPOKALEMIA OCCURS
        
        Administer potassium, saline, acetazolamide (diamox)
        
        After compensation: decreased acid excretion and bicarb regeneration
- - - - Local or systemic
        Remember: CO2 controls our drive to breathe
      - Significance
        
        Hypoxic vasoconstriction- constricts vessels leading towards dysfunctional alveoli.. this redirects blood flow to areas that work better.
        
        Pulmonary hypertension: caused by chronic vasoconstriction where the BP in the vessels is elevated for a long time. (Global in larger sections of the lungs)
        
        Diseases associated with pulmonary HTN: Exposure to high altitude, emphysema. asthma, heart failure (right side)
        
        V/Q ratio: ventilation vs perfusion ratio
      - leads to pulmonary hypertension
  - - - hyperventilate = blow off CO2, decrease drive to breathe.
        Hypercapnia = increased resp. acidosis
      - Significance
        
        prolonged --> insensitivity to CO2 --> body relies on O2 for drive to breathe
  - - - Interrupt alveoli ability to perform gas exchange
      - Significance
        
        caused by hypoventilation, airway obstruction, compression, adhesions,
        
        associated with collapsed lung
      - can be prevented with: incentive spirometer, breathing exercises, coughing, rolling over, blowing bubbles
  - - - Signs
        
        inflamed nasal passages, discharge
    - - Signs
        
        nasal crease, shiners, salute
    - - Signs
        
        pain and pressure in sinus cavity, mucus, inflamed
        
        Tx
        
        hydration, humidifier, salt water gargle, nasal mist,
      - often a secondary infection, bacterial
    - - Signs
        
        swollen lymph nodes,
        
        Tx
        
        antibiotics, nasal mist, NSAIDs
    - - Signs
        
        sore throat, pain in tonsils
        
        Tx
        
        depends on if it's viralcor bacteria
    - - Signs
        
        drooling, trouble breathing, hands on knees, tripod position, increased pulse, retractions, anxiety, inflammation--> obstruction
        
        Tx
        
        position for comfort, don't examine throat, cool mist, oxygen, NO FLUIDS
        
        Cut a hole in the trachea = tracheotomy
  - - - Signs
        
        swelling, mucus, remodeling of airway overtime (chronic)
      - Acute: <3 months Chronic: >3 months
    - - Causes
        
        Signs
        
        crackles on auscultation, high fever, chills, sputum, cough, rigors, chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia
        older adults: consciousness change (confusion/ agitation), hypothermic (no fever)
        
        Treatment
        
        Antibiotics, O2, Nebulizer, Bronchodilators, pneumococcal vaccine (helps with community acquired)
        
        virus, bacteria, fungi, inhalation of food particles
        
        Ventilator-acquired: due gunk on end of tube, typically in hospital
        
        Aspiration: due to muscles, artificial airways, decreased gag reflex, GERD, dementia, swallowing down the wrong pipe
        
        Community Acquired
      - inflamed alveoli part of lung;
    - - Signs
        
        inflamed tissue, cavity with pus, formation of the area of pneumosclerosis
      - caused by vaping, smoking. inhalation toxins, lung cancer
    - - Signs
        
        night sweats, malaise, anorexia, wt. loss, chronic cough, hemoptysis (blood in sputum), pleuritic chest pain, low grade temperature
        
        Early: not a lot of signs, cough (normal mucoid sputum)
        Late: weigh loss, bloody sputum, cough
        Latent: no signs or symptoms
      - Causes
        
        mycobacterium
      - Treatment
        
        TB medications 6-12 m
        decreased activity
        Oxygen therapy
  - - - Asthma
        "hyperreactive airway"
        
        Signs
        
        wheezing, constricted airway, dyspnea, cough, chest tightness
        
        Causes
        
        MANY! Environmental (dirt, cold air), emotions (anger), animals (pets, bugs)
        
        Tx
        
        Goal is to keep the airway open! Bronchodilate and reduce or prevent inflammation
        
        Albuterol and corticosteroids
        
        Allergy, occupational exposure, viral infections, exercise, GERD
        
        reversible airway constriction, air becomes trapped in alveoli
        
        Eventually airway walls become thicker and smaller. More attacks = more damage
      - COPD
        
        Emphysema
        "pink puffer"
        
        Signs
        
        Causes
        
        air trapped in alveoli, ending in CO2 retention (hypercapnia)
        
        Can result in hypoxia being the drive for breathing instead of CO2 due to CO2 insensitivity
        
        Barrel chested, anxiousness, distress, use of accessory muscles, thin in appearance (ataxia), exertional dyspnea, speak in short jerky sentences
        
        focuses on tubes of the airway
        
        Chronic Bronchitis
        "blue bloaters"
        
        Signs
        
        swelling, dependent edema, cyanosis and clubbing in fingers, dyspnea,
        
        Causes
        
        blood backs up in the jugular vein and will back up in other areas causing edema, alveoli are shrunken (atelectasis)
        
        Hypoxia-> vasoconstriction-> HTN-> increased volume right ventricle = right sided HEART FAILURE
        
        Right heart failure = jugular distension, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, and ankle edema
        
        hypersecretion of mucus, hypoxia, and cyanosis
      - Sleep Apnea
        "snoring"
        
        Signs
        
        loud snoring, gasping for air, waking with headache, being tired during day, sore throat or dry mouth, insomnia, HTN, hypoxia, risk of stroke, weak immune system, heart failure, MANY EFFECTS
        
        Causes
        
        temporary airway blocking overnight. can be genetic or due to body structures, alcohol/acid reflex/pregnancy are risk factors
        
        Tx
        
        CPAP machine (forces air in)
    - - Pulmonary edema
        "fluid in the alveoli"
        
        Signs
        
        dyspnea, pink frothy sputum, pitting edema, hypoxemia, tachypnea, respiratory distress, crackles in lungs, confusion,
        
        Causes
        
        fluid retention in alveoli, pneumothorax (trachea deviates to opposite side), kidney failure, left heart failure
      - Pulmonary Embolism
        "blot clot"
        
        Causes
        
        stationary blood in legs causes deep vein thrombosis, results in a blood clot blocking pulmonary artery of branches. At risk people include those on bed rest or sedentary
        
        Signs
        
        chest pain, confirmed CT scan cough, dyspnea,
      - Pneumoconiosis
        "environmental/ occupational"
        
        Signs
        
        black lung
        
        Causes
        
        small collections of dust and debris
      - Pneumothorax
        "air in pleural space, resulting in lung collapse"
        
        Signs
        
        Causes
        
        tension where there is a puncture and air goes in and puts positive pressure on cavity
        
        Tx
        
        chest tube to relieve pressure and reestablish the negative pressure
        
        Dyspnea, anxiety, asymmetrical chest expansion, decreased breath sounds, tachycardia
        
        Closed: no exit of air outside
        Open: air escapes to outside
      - hemothorax
        "blood in pleural space"
        
        Signs
        
        Causes
        
        blood consolidates towards bottom of pleural cavity
      - pleural effusion
        "exudate/serous fluid in pleural space"
        
        Signs
        
        Causes
        
        transudative: low protein, increased hydrostatic pressure or low oncotic pressure
        exudative: inflammation and capillary permeability
        
        dyspnea, tachypnea, sharp chest pain, dullness to percussion, diminished breath sounds
      - ARDS
        "adult respiratory distress"
        
        Signs
        
        multisystem organ failure, develops 12-48 hrs after incident, direct lung injury, pulmonary edema, decreased level of consciousness, tachycardia, diaphoresis, decreased peripheral circulation, anxiety, crackles in lungs,
        
        Causes
        
        deficiency of lung surfactant, severe hypoxemia, alveolar injury, trauma, sepsis, drug overdose, transfusion, pancreatitis, or aspiration
- - - - Signs
        
        Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurological abnormalities, fever, renal disease
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Pregnant women, people with HIV
      - Deficiency of or antibodies to metalloproteases that cleave vWF. The persistence of vWF causes platelet adhesion and aggregation.
    - - Signs
        
        Episodes of coagulation and hemorrhage. Random ischemia of organs. Random bleeding. Petechiae, purpura, hematomas, shortness of breath, severe pain in back, chest, and muscles, vomiting
        
        Risk Factors
        
        sepsis, major trauma, critically ill patients, organisms (viruses, fungi, and parasites)
        
        cyanotic, cold, shock, confusion, oliguria
      - Secondary to another disease. Overactivation of the clotting mechanism. Commonly caused by sepsis.
    - - Signs
        
        Fever, abdominal pain, pale skin, fatigue and irritability, bruising or bleeding of nose/mouth, reduced urination, edema
        
        Risk Factors
        
        E. coli strain, unpasteurized milk/juice, contact with infected animals, contaminated lakes/pools
      - Renal failure, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia commonly preceded by E. coli O157:H7 infection
    - - Signs
        
        Excessive bleeding
        
        Risk Factors
        
        genetics, autosomal
      - A major adhesion molecule that ties platelets to exposed endothelial tissue. Hereditary and involves diminished vWF protein, decreased function of vWF, and decreased factor VIII levels.
    - - Signs
        
        Bruises, nosebleeds, gum bleeds, hemarthrosis,
        
        General: weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea, spontaneous or easy bruising.
        
        Nose/throat: epistaxis, hemoptysis, bleeding gums, excessive bleeding with dental procedures.
        
        Musculoskeletal: joint pain and stiffness (due to hemarthrosis), compartment syndrome.
        
        Central nervous system: headache, stiff neck, spinal cord syndromes (bleeding into spinal cord), intracranial hemorrhage (subdural or epidural hematoma).
        
        Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain, hematemesis (blood in vomitus), melena (blood in stool).
        
        Genitourinary: back pain, hematuria, post-circumcision bleeding in infant.
        
        Risk Factors
        
        X-linked recessive disorder, i.e. males
      - Genetic disorder (x linked, recessive); lack of factor VIII causes decreased clotting ability.
    - - Signs
        
        Bruises, nosebleeds, gum bleeds, hemarthroses
        
        Risk Factors
        
        X-linked recessive disorder, i.e. males
      - Genetic disorder (x lined, recessive; lack of factor IX causes decreased clotting ability
    - - Signs
        
        May have no symptoms
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Older patients (60+)
      - High platelet number because of an unknown cause.
        Secondary thrombocytosis is almost always caused by iron deficiency; inflammation, cancer, or infection; or underlying myelodysplastic disorder. The patient may have had a splenectomy
    - - Signs
        
        Purpura, petechiae, mucosal bleeding, ecchymoses, GI bleeding, heavy menstrual loss
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Acute: Children following viral infection
        Chronic: Adults, women
      - Antibody destruction of platelets triggered by an antigen because of an unknown cause. The antigenic target appears to be the platelet GPIIb/IIIa complex. The complex is attacked by IgG antibodies.
    - - Signs
        
        Petechiae, purpura
        
        Risk Factors
      - Antibody attack on platelets in the presence of certain drugs
  - - - Signs
        
        low WBC, RBCs, platelets, fatigue, weakness, pallor, bleeding, infection, nosebleeds, anemia, bruises
        
        Risk Factors
        
        males, 60+ years old, exposure to benzene, radiation, chemotherapy
      - stem cell disorder in bone marrow, RBC, WBC, or platelets; leads to bone marrow suppression
    - - Signs
        
        Fever, chills, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, lymphatic blockage, numbness and tingling
        
        Risk Factors
        
        60; males; caucasians; autoimmune disorders, infections (HIV, EBC, H. Pylori, Chlamydia psittaci, campylobacter jejuni, HHV-8, HTLV-1, Hep C; radiation, immunosuppressants, chemical exposure
      - Proliferation of abnormal B cells, T cells, or NK cells.
    - - Signs
        
        infection, flulike symptoms, spontaneous bruising, bone pain
        
        Risk Factors
        
        exposure to certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange, male, older people, caucasian, family history of hematologic cancer
      - Immature B-cell proliferation in bone marrow; B cells do not synthesize Igs.
    - - Signs
        
        Sore throat, fever, trouble swallowing, shortness of breath, abdominal pain.
        
        Risk Factors
        
        60; males; caucasians; autoimmune disorders, infections (HIV, EBC, H. Pylori, Chlamydia psittaci, campylobacter jejuni, HHV-8, HTLV-1, Hep C; radiation, immunosuppressants, chemical exposure
      - Enlarged, malignant B cells called RS cells that may contain EBV.
    - - Signs
        
        Bone pain, nerve pain, numbness, and tingling
        
        Risk Factors
        
        exposure to chemicals (Agent Orange), exposure to radiation, genetics, men>women, African Americans > Caucasians
      - Neoplastic plasma cells that synthesize abnormal Igs and Ig fragments.
    - - Signs
        
        infection, fatigue and dyspnea from anemia, spontaneous bruising, bone pain, feeling of fullness by liver or spleen
        
        Risk Factors
        
        radiation exposure, males, 65+, Ph chromosome
      - Overproliferation of mature myeloid cells in bone marrow, lymphnodes, spleen liver
    - - Signs
        
        flulike symptoms, bone pain, bleeding and bruising, anemia, abnormal feeling of "fullness", unintentional weight loss
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Previous cancer treatments, males, white, 70+, exposure to pesticides, genetic disorders, HIV, EBV
      - Stem cell precursors of B/T cells do not mature beyond lymphoblast stage
    - - Signs
        
        infection, fatigue and dyspnea from anemia, spontaneous bruising, bone pain, lymphadenopathy
        
        Risk Factors
        
        previous chemotherapy and radiation therapy, genetic diseases, electromagnetic field exposure, diesel/gasoline exposure, pesticide and herbicide exposure
      - Proliferation of myeloid blast cells in bone marrow. Overproliferation of myeloblasts in organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
  - - - Signs
        
        Usual signs and symptoms of anemia: pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath with activity, possible dizziness.
        
        Risk Factors
        
        alcohol abusers, pregnant women, NSAID users, certain drugs, older adults, celiac disease, chronic inflammatory disease
      - Lack of sufficient folic acid in diet results in a megaloblastic anemia very similar to vitamin B12 deficiency
    - - Signs
        
        Anemia symptoms, Vitamin B12 deficiency, numbness of extremities, tingling, gait disturbance, lack of coordination, depression and dementia, neuro manifestations, soreness , burning tongue, ataxia, balance problems, unsteady, dyspnea, fatigue
        
        Risk Factors
        
        food malabsorption, older adults, European/African decent. gastrectomy, ileal resection, IBS, diet, alcohol
      - vitamin B12 anemia caused by a lack of IF. so neurological functions are impaired. RBCs cannot be properly synthesized (poor O2 capacity), and demyelinated neurons, can lead to heart failure
    - - Signs
        
        unusual fatigue, dec. ability to do activities, shortness of breath, dizziness, cold intolerance, headache, chest pain
        
        Risk Factors
      - Lack of RBCs. Deficiency in oxygen
    - - Signs
        
        <15% loss = anxiety and orthostatic hypotension
        between 15-30% = restlessness, changes in level of consciousness
        between 30-40% = further dec in level of consciousness, faint, dizziness, anxiety, feeling cold
        40% shock
        bloody stool
        
        Risk Factors
      - Trauma or severe GI bleeding causes the body to lose large amounts of blood. Sympathetic nervous system response causes increased heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction.
    - - Signs
        
        excessive tampon use, dark stool, shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, low MCV, low MCH, low iron/ferritin, high TIBC
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Colon cancer, excessive menstrual blood loss, peptic ulcer, IBD
      - Gradual, slow blood loss from GI tract or caused by heavy menses. Leads to iron deficiency anemia
    - - Signs
        
        Headache, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath (when lying down even more), feeling of fullness in head, angina and abdominal pain, cyanosis, clubbing of fingers, painful pruritis
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Largely unknown, but genetics could play a role
        
        orthopnea, visual disturbance, headache, gout
      - Excess of RBCs causing viscous blood and vascular resistance. Slow blood flow
        Primary: gene mutation, hyperproliferation of ALL blood cells
        Secondary: compensatory response to hypoxia (smoking, high altitudes, lung/heart diseases), COPD, most common
    - - Signs
        
        Normal signs of anemia, severe pain, stroke, myocardial infarction in childhood, vaso-occlusive crises, jaundice, splenic dysfunction
        
        Risk Factors
        
        African, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean ancestry.
      - Hgb S is produced, causing a sickle-like shape. RBCs polymerize or clump under certain conditions
    - - Signs
        
        Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath. Chills, jaundice possible
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Autoimmune diseases like lupus or vasculitis
      - Accelerated RBC destruction exceeds production due to mechanical turbulence (artificial hear valve), autoimmune, medication
    - - Signs
        
        Usual signs and symptoms of anemia: pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness.
        Pica, HA, increased CO, sore red tongue, dry skin, spoon nails
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Women menstruating, infants and children, vegetarians, elders, people with GI bleeding, pregnancy, teens in growth spurt, colon cancer (male)
      - Normal erythropoiesis cannot occur. Smaller cells, deficient in Hgb
    - - Signs
        
        anemia signs, heart failure, weakness, pallor, tachycardia, palpitations, jaundice
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Mediterranean, African and SE Asian decent. Genetic defect causes this
      - Abnormal Hgb structure, autosomal-recessive. Hemolysis of abnormal RBCs and erythropoiesis
    - - Signs
        
        Signs and symptoms of the underlying disease along with the symptoms of anemia
        
        Risk Factors
        
        individuals who had infections, inflammation, cancer, heart failure, diabetes, stroke
      - ineffective RBC recycling, impaired uron metabolism, decreased RBC survival time, blunted erythropoietic response
    - - Signs
        
        high output heart failure, infection, bleeding, dyspnea, headache, pallor, petechiae, hemorrhage, ecchymosis, weakness
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Hepatitis, HIV, EBV, radiation/chemical exposure, 60+, sepsis, neoplastic infiltration of bone marrow
      - Deficiency of all cells produced by bone marrow (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) aka pancytopenia
  - - - Signs
        
        Risk Factors
    - - Signs
        
        Risk Factors
  - - - Signs
        
        Risk Factors
        
        genetics, family history, diabetes, obesity, hypothyroidism, physical activity
      - Elevated total cholesterol in the bloodstream caused by excess ingestion of fatty foods or liver synthesis of cholesterol. Specifically, elevated LDL and elevated triglycerides in the bloodstream are harmful to cardiovascular health. LDL is deposited on arterial walls, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Low HDL in the bloodstream is also harmful because HDL normally carries cholesterol away to be excreted. All these conditions predispose individuals to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
    - - Signs
        
        sudden chest pain radiating to the back, possible loss of consciousness
        
        Risk Factors
        
        genetics, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, Marfan's syndrome
      - A disorder that causes splitting of layers of the wall of the aorta. The wall develops a gap that fills with blood.
    - - Signs
        
        Pain, intermittent claudication, pallor of leg, paresthesia, coolness of leg
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Atherosclerosis, age (65+), men, African Americans, smoking, diabetes
      - Arteriosclerosis within the lower extremities that obstructs blood flow to the legs.
    - - Signs
        
        headache, seizure, loss of consciousness, cranial dysfunction, nausea, vomiting, bowel or bladder disturbances, abdominal/back/flank pain
        
        Risk Factors
        
        genetics, vascular disease, infection, trauma, smoking, atherosclerosis, hypertension
      - Weakening of an arterial wall with a localized area of dilatation. Blood flow is turbulent in these areas, thrombosis is more common in these areas, and rupture of the aneurysm can be fatal
    - - Signs
        
        systemic manifestations such as fever and symptoms localized to the artery involved
        
        Risk Factors
      - Inflammation and vasospastic condition of small and medium arteries, which can be caused by bacteria, virus, or autoimmune disease. The walls of the arteries become degraded, necrotic, and develop thrombi and aneurysms
    - - Signs
        
        Pain, numbness, and coolness of the extremity, beginning distally
        
        Risk Factors
        
        young women, cold temperature, stress, genetic
      - Vasospastic disorder of the arterioles and arteries of the hands and feet. Often vasospasms occur because of autoimmune disease; antigen–antibody complexes are deposited in tissues.
    - - Signs
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Age, African American, family history, obesity, diabetes, sedentary behavior, tobacco, excess sodium, insufficient potassium, insufficient Vit D, alcohol, stress
      - Elevated BP, which causes endothelial injury and increases susceptibility to atherosclerosis. HTN directly targets the small arteries of the retina, glomerulus, and brain, as well as peripheral arteries throughout the body. High pressure in cerebral arteries can cause stroke. It targets the heart by causing high aortic resistance against the left ventricle, which causes LVH. LVH is a risk factor for MI
    - - Signs
        
        Risk Factors
        
        age (40+), gender (men>women) though after menopause women>men, diabetes, family history, tobacco, hypertension, obesity, lifestyle
      - Widespread arterial wall plaque composed of lipid, platelets, fibroblasts, and WBCs, which protrudes into arterial lumen. The arteriosclerotic plaque hardens over time and calcifies. It then can rupture into pieces that travel as emboli and can lodge in smaller-diameter arteries to cause ischemia in tissue.
- - - - INTENSE
        
        Painful
        
        requires more tx than NTG
        
        caused by activity or HTN
    - - occurs at rest
        
        spasms close off arteries
        
        caused by coronary vasospasm, smoking, alcohol, temp changes, cocaine
    - - gradual
        
        max intensity within minutes
        
        dissipates shortly after
        
        caused by activity or HTN
    - - myocardial ischemia w/o symptoms of chest pain
        
        sudden risk of MI and cardiac death
        
        MOST DANGEROUS
  - - - Causes
        
        Sx
        
        myocardium is pale, distended, and cyanotic
        
        Widowmaker*
        LAD
        
        chest pain, arm, neck, jaw, epigastric pain
        
        constant pain
        
        not relieved by NTG
        
        diaphoresis (sweat)
        
        N/V
        
        elevated troponins
        
        Tx
        
        Cardiac Cath Lab
        
        thrombolytic agent
        
        percutaneous coronary intervention (stents/ ballooning)
        CABG (artery bypass)
        
        plaque rupture, clots
        spasms of artery, dissection
      - 2 types: transmural (all layers) & subendocardial (1 layer)
      - irreversible damage 6 hrs post onset; scar tissue forms 3-4 wks; healed after 6 weeks
      - coronary artery completely blocked
  - - - Description
        
        Results In
        
        causes blot clot, stroke, decreased cardiac output
        
        quivering of atria
        
        heart beats irregular and fast
        
        common
    - - Description
        
        dyspnea, palpations, lightheadedness
        
        fast HR at rest
        
        persists >30s
        
        Results In
        
        decreased cardiac output
        commonly leads to VF
        
        Monomorphic: sawtooth ECG
        Polymorphic: varying QRS complex
    - - Description
        
        SA atrial impulse fails
        
        slow HR. irregular rhythm
        
        caused by extensive myocardial damage
        
        Results In
        
        increased atria contractions,decreased cardiac output
    - - Description
        
        slow heart beat, disorganized rhythm, quivering of the ventricles
        
        loss of consciousness
        
        Results In
        
        decreased cardiac output, severe, sudden death
  - - - most common
        
        occurs in the descending aorta inferior to diaphragm
      - S&S:
        
        abdominal or back pain
        
        N/V
        
        bowel signs
        
        headache
        
        low circulation to extremities
        
        cold skin
        
        pallor
        
        decreased BP
        
        increased HR
        
        THUNDERCLAP headache
    - - occurs in the aorta, arch, or descending aorta above the diaphragm
      - S&S
        
        stridor (hoarseness)
        
        dissection (most common in thoracic)- SEVERE CHEST PAIN, radiates to neck and back, sudden loss of blood drops BP, tachycardia, cold skin, decreased urine output, weak pulse, SNS activation (vasoconstriction)
    - - True: all three layers
        
        False: 1-2 layers
        
        Risk Factors: atherosclerosis, HTN
  - - - occurs from chronic HTN
        
        left ventricle hypertrophy
    - - reduces ventricular contractility
        
        decreased cardiac output-> heart failure
    - - occurs from massive MI or multiple MI
        
        causes necrosis of myocardium
    - - Dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary crackles, peripheral edema, arrhythmias
  - - - Incompetent Valve
        
        Description
        
        Results In
        
        regurgitation (back flow)
        
        hypertrophy
        
        heart failure
        
        leaflets flap back when valve should be closed
      - Stenosed Valve (Stenosis)
        
        Description
        
        heart must pump harder
        
        narrowing of valve when valve opens
        
        Results In
        
        blood remaining in heart chamber
        
        hypertrophy of heart
        pulmonary congestion due to the backup of blood in the left atrium, pulmonary hypertension leading to right-sided heart failure, atrial fibrillation due to dilation of left atrium disrupting the electrical signal and mural thrombi due to blood stasis
      - Description
        
        abnormal immune or inflammatory response
        
        Strep infection
        
        Sx
        
        sx after physical exertion, dyspnea, syncope, fatigue, palpations, sx of heart failure (cough, edema, ascites, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea)
        
        Results In
        
        Rheumatic Heart Disease
        
        lengthy asymptomatic period 30-40 years.
        
        Starts as a heart murmur,
        
        leads to mitral stenosis
        In chronic disease, there is valve scarring and thickening of the chordae tendinae and cusps leading to stenosis. Physical exam findings include an opening snap followed by diastolic murmur best heard over apex in left lateral position
        
        can be symptomatic with mild stenosis or regurgitation
        
        same as LVF
        
        Igs attack bacteria and HEART TISSUE
        
        Childhood disease.
        
        acute attack is a multisystem inflammatory disease (migratory polyarthritis, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum and Sydenham chorea)
    - - Description
        
        SA atrial impulse fails
        
        slow HR. irregular rhythm
        
        caused by extensive myocardial damage
        
        Results In
        
        increased atria contractions,decreased cardiac output
    - - Description
        
        Acute, Chronic, and Pericardial
        
        slow HR. irregular rhythm
        
        inflammation leading to edema and thickening
        
        Sx
        
        crackles
        
        impaired cardiac output,
        
        dyspnea
        
        JVD
        
        pain beneath sternum, radiates to shoulder or neck
        
        Results In
        
        Acute: sudden, secondary to MI, easily resolved
        Chronic: slow, very THICK, result sin decreased filling & low cardiac output
        Pericardial Effusion: fluid accumulation, can occur after cardiac surgery, blood leaks into pericardial sac (see cardiac tamponade)
    - - Description
        
        fluid accumulation on pericardial sac, life threatening
        
        Sx
        
        cool clammy skin
        
        tachycardia
        
        weak pulse
        
        decreased cardiac output & BP
        
        Beck's Triad (dull heart sounds, hypotension, distended jugular vein)
        
        Results In
        
        regurgitation (back flow)
        
        hypertrophy
        
        heart failure