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Genetics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - reduce sets of chromosomes from diploid # to haploid #
        
        sex cell contain 1 complete set of genes
        
        zygote 2 complete sets of genes
  - - - differing in population
  - - - single character is analyzed and studied
        
        plant color (red+white)
        
        parental generation
        
        offspring
        
        first filial generation
        
        interbreed
        
        1 more item...
        
        heterozygous
        
        homozygous
        
        neither parent dominant
        
        incomplete dominance
    - - gametophytes
        
        mitosis
        
        produce two offspring
  - - - plant pollenates self
        
        or two plants with same genotype
        
        Not all zygotes are identically genotypically
    - - RR
      - rr
      - Rr
    - - 1:2:1
        
        Gregor Mendel
        
        cross breeding pea plants
  - - - Complete dominance
        
        Tt
    - - can predict offspring genotype
        
        3:1
  - - - incomplete dominance
        
        easy to know genotype
      - complete dominance
        
        hard to know genotype
    - - can reveal genotype
        
        find hidden recessive alleles
      - pure-bred lines
        
        homozygous
    - - cross tests and experimental crosses simultaneously
  - - - polymorphic
        
        dominance is more complex
        
        many possible phenotypes
- - - - single base changed
    - - DNA is lost
    - - addition of DNA
    - - DNA breaks
        
        flipped backwards during repair
  - - - causes mutation
        
        chemicals, UV light, X-rays, radiation
        
        man-made mostly
        
        nitrous acid
    - - short regions form loop
        
        bases in loop is skipped over and cut out
    - - foreign DNA present
        
        added ruing cutting an re incorporated by DNA ligase
    - - insertion and deletion
        
        DNA pieces
        
        readily change position
        
        sequences
        
        few thousand base pairs longs
        
        genes encode for cutting aplicing
        
        transposons
        
        longer than sequences
        
        genes code proteins not associated with transposition
        
        might be viruses
        
        plants have mechanisms to fight this
        
        powerful tool in genetic analysis and engineering
  - - - nature
      - position
        
        spacer DNA
        
        no effect
        
        change in exon
        
        code for different protein
        
        cannot function
        
        change in promotor region
        
        completely inactivate gene
      - extent
    - - 300-400 amino acids long
  - - - not passed on
        
        roots, wood, bark, leaves
    - - leaf cell nucleus
    - - infects flower
        
        becomes sexual
  - - - repair rate
        
        can't be too efficient or inefficient
    - - can be fully replicated
    - - virtually impossible to replicate full genome
    - - about 15,000 genes needed to code a flowering plant
    - - serious problems
    - - can't be perfect
        
        need diversity
- - - - depend on positions of genes on chromosomes
  - - - alleles on separate chromosomes
        
        move independtly
        
        chromosomes duplicate during S phase
        
        anaphase 1
        
        homologous chromosomes separate
        
        meiosis 2
        
        1 more item...
      - Phenotype ratio
        
        9:3:3:1
        
        9/16 have dominant phenotypes=
  - - - crossing over
        
        act like separate entities
    - - crossing over cannot happen
  - - - 2 genes occur close together
        
        several heterozygotes are possible
        
        must consider types of gametes
        
        if crossing over is ignored
        
        ratio is 9:3:3:1
        
        homozygous crossed
        
        two phenotypes produced
        
        extremely close together
        
        crossing over occurs
        
        47.5%, 47.5%, 2.5%, 2.5%
        
        2 more items...
        
        rate of crossing over
        
        1 more item...
- - - - crosses where both parents are transmitted equally
    - - zygote obtains all its plastid and mitochondrial genomes from maternal parent
        
        maternal inheritance
        
        mitochondrial genetics are hard to study
        
        many mitochondria with circle DNA
        
        Mendelian ratios aren't produced
        
        mitochondria DNA mutants not easily recognizable phenotypes
    - - phenotype depends on parent type
    - - plastid inheritance results in spots or sectors that are not green
      - affecting branches
        
        produces achlorophyllous patch
        
        produces bud
    - - genes for numerous enzymes
        
        complex ribosomal RNA's
  - - - presence can kill plant
        
        lethal mutations normally recessive
    - - differing from haploid generations to diploid
  - - - haploid fertilized
        
        polyploid
        
        fertile
        
        meiosis
        
        deleterious mutations have little effect on phenotype
        
        genes become nonfunctional is species
        
        paralogs
    - - 1 daughter cell obtains two sets of chromosomes
        
        multiple copies of genes constitute
        
        gene family
        
        phytochrome genes
- - - - science of inheritance
        
        alleles
        
        genes occur
        
        genotype
        
        type of allele
        
        phenotype
        
        expression of allele
        
        asexual vs sexual reproduction
  - - - nuclear division
        
        DNA replicated
        
        S Phase
        
        chromatids
        
        daughter cells
      - chromatin
        
        less compact
        
        double helix cut
        
        replicon
        
        ribonucleotides
        
        primer RNA
        
        2 more items...
- - - - cell theory
        
        1849
        
        plant embryo develops primarily from egg
        
        some "influence" from pollen tube
        
        genes particles not fluids
        
        1988 meiosis described
  - - - organisms change throughout time
        
        natural selection
        
        push back my religious leaders
- - - - results of complex metabolic processes
    - - 4-5 intermediates
        
        epistasis
        
        multiple genes for each trait
    - - some may be produced by several pathways
    - - pleiotropic effects
        
        multiple phenotype effects of one mutation
- - - - nonfunctional alleles not protected and natural selection eliminates them quickly
        
        Goodish for population