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Identity - Coggle Diagram
Identity
Social Class
Marxists Upper Class- principle of hierarchy & legitimation of class divisions; hidden curriculum e.g. value of conservatism & respect for tradition, nationalism, acceptance of authority & hostility to socialist ideals
Not Fluid- Marxists- an open system so there is big social mobility and social institutions are affected by the differences in class. Classes retain different levels of social, cultural and economic capital
Not fluid- strong lass identities as 60 per cent of their sample felt like they belonged to a particular social class. 75 per cent agreed that people are born into a social class and it is difficult to move from one class to another
Storry and Childs- working class- share cultural characteristics, eat fish and chips, share a common accent, huge sense of community
Fluid- Postmodernists- traditional gender role, tertiary sector has changed, class lines have been blurred, it is no longer impacting people’s lives. Our identities are defined by consumption and not production
Althusser- Not fluid- various institutions such as the family and education function as an ideological state apparatus, encouraging the working class to accept the system and become docile workers rather than challenge their own exploitation
Fluid- Hutton- Decline in trade union memberships and the manufacturing sector, and the dispersal of working-class communities, has eroded working class communities. Showing how working-class identity has eroded and developed.
Upper class- Mackintosh and Mooney- Culture of privilege based on inherited wealth and extended family networks
Fox- Middle class- ‘upper middles’, ‘middles middles’ and ‘lower middles’ to highlight the difference within the middle class. Big difference between public sector professional and private sector professional. Not everyone is the same middle class. There is a huge range of professions.
Bernstein- Middle Class- socialised into ‘elaborated language code’
Age
Fluid- Clarke and Warren- Stage is life not as depressing, providing new opportunities, time for reflection, hope of experiencing future collaborative events with family members.
Not Fluid- Abrams- Share same youth culture, transitional stage, learning & negotiating the path into adulthood
Fluid- Featherstone and Hepworth- Media images of ageing, negative stereotypes and identities. New identities. Population ages, more positive images. Popularity ‘retro’ fashion, comeback tours, blur boundaries of life course. Life expectancy increased, changed stereotypes
Not Fluid Corner- Negative, reflecting media and popular culture. Problem, society and ‘burden’
Fluid- Postmodernists- Working for longer, anti-aging products and procedures create extension of ‘youth’ , age is fluid and less significant today
Postman- childhood is a social construction. Spread of literacy adults could shield children from certain aspects of adult life e.g. death.
Children
Childhood is getting quicker and quicker due to the media
Period of innocence
Dependency or Vulnerability
Little angels or little devils
Youth
Growing Up, Rebelling, fun and Excitement
Creation of new fashions and styles
Lying
Creating own life course
Middle Aged
For middle class, time for time for reflection, on the past, present and future
Associated with the stage in your life-course and the age of the person applying the label
New roles, opportunities
Old age
Once turn 65
Comes retirement and Pension
Renreability
Time for reflection
Gender
Not Fluid- Oakley- This is created through Manipulation which is the way that parents encourage or discourage behaviour on the case of appropriateness for the child’s sex. Canalisation is the way in which parents channel children’s interests into toys and activities that are seen ‘normal for the sex’. Finally, Verbal Applications are words that are used to channel there gender appropriate for the sex.
Fluid- Connell- range of masculine identities available today, but that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly. Other forms of masculinity he identifies, such as subordinate masculinity, which he links to homosexual males, and marginalised masculinity, which he links to unemployed men, are present but not fully accepted. Complicit masculinity helping with the house
Not Fluid- Parsons- Functionalist argues that gender roles are due to biology. Gender therefore is simply an extension of biological role. There is the expressive role (women is the child bearer) and the Instrumental Role (Breadwinner, male)
Fluid- Mac and Ghail (1994) refers to insecurity felt by working class men today. There has been a loss of the ‘breadwinner; identity with the decline of traditional male industries
Fluid- Denscombe-increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly smoking, being related to ‘ladette’ culture, where young women want to be seen as anything but the stereotype of women.
Fluid- Jackson (2006) found that some girls also spent time drinking and smoking, swearing and disrupting lesson, for fear of doing otherwise and not being popular or ‘uncool’
Male Traditional
Breadwinner, Provider, Dominant, Macho, sexists, aggressive
Changing Male
Laddishness, sporty, new man, helps with housework, father
Female Traditional
Weak, passive, dependent, mother housewife, subordinate female
Female Channing
DIALLS, Assertive, strong, independent, ladette, active
Disability
Goffman- Not fluid- prejudice and discrimination against people with disabilities can significantly affect their identity and self-esteem. This can result in the ‘disabled identity’ becoming a master status & the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Shakephere and Barnes- Not fluid- identity of disabled people is a social construction meaning that disabled people are disabled by society not by their impairment. People hold prejudices which are known as disablism.
Social Model
Social and physical barriers of inclusion deny access to those and discriminatory attitudes, practises against. Society disabling factor. Lead to view social construction.
Shakespeare- Major obstacles, socialised to see as inferior. Often isolated from each other, strong, collective identity is difficult. Lack of positive role models in public life, media, immediate faimily
Medical Model
Medical problem, limitations by the impairment, prevalent in society. Defining of a disabled person by disability or impairment. Leads to a ‘victim blaming’ mentality, lies in society, not meet their needs
Leaned helplesenss
Shakespeare- Socialised into way of seeing as victims, impairment, investment, own capacity, rationale for their own failure, victim mentality
Mugrami- Fluid- accepting their disability and that it is just another characteristic- themselves as a person first, and see their disability as just one of their characteristics
Postmodernism- Fluid- sexuality, nationality, ethnicity, social class, age and gender, meaning identity is not fixed as identity’s are so fragmented
Nationality
Postmodernist believe that nationality is less important as ideas are spreading and rapid global change
Not fluid-Guibernau and Goldblatt- Wars, particularly against other European countries, which some see as forging uniquely British characteristics such as self-sacrifice., the stiff upper life, perseverance, fair play and putting up with the exceptional hardship
The royal family, which is seen by the mass media to be at the very heart of British Identity
Sadr- Fluid- world is in the middle of a global identity crisis through East Versus West and capitalists versus communists, by which we have defined ourselves. ‘Englishness’ was based on traditions through a struggle for ‘English’ identity. Sadr argues that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity but also focus on what makes us the same-our common humanity
Not fluid- Anderson- national identity is socially constructed through symbols such as the flag and the anthem, and rituals such as national holidays and festivals. He argues the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology leading to the mass circulation of newspapers, books which created a national language
Kumar- fluid- unlike the scots, welsh and irish and how English finds it hard to say who they are and the English identity is elusive. Argues that the long history of the English as an imperial people has developed a sense of ‘missionary nationalism’, in the interests of unity and empire, has necessitated the repression of ordinary expressions of nationalism.
Ethnicity
Modhood- Changing- Several generational differences over the issue of identity, suggesting the second generation ethnic minorities from both African Caribbean and Asian background felt much more British than their parents, while still seeing their ethnic origin as a key apart of their ethnic identity.
Brah- Changing- cultural code switchers, neither British or Asian culture is homogeneous
Ghuman- Traditional- tradition, religion and family values are integral for second generation Asians in the UK.
Nayak- Changing- 'White wannabes' create Hybrid identities through white British males dressing, acting and speaking differently influenced by black hip-hop culture
Jacobson- Traditional- many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from White British Society. Due to Muslim’s facing difficulties and problems, meaning a strong Muslim identity gives them a sense of stability and security
A positive embracing of Islamic identity in term of diet, stress and other religious practises in defence or resistance to marginalisation and racism.
Back- Changing- ethnographic study of two council estates in London. Found lots of cultural hybridity through the black and white youth, that neither British nor Asian culture are homogeneous. Young people had become cultural code switchers where they switched their culture to accommodate different cultural norms that were for appropriate behaviour
religion, language, where we live, ethnic origin and skin colour
cultural characteristics affect who we are and how we see ourselves as well as how other perceive you
Cashmor and Troyna- Resistance- The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be used to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection
Tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards’, to seek support from within their ethnic community as a response and culture may be strengthened, as they become key sources or identity and support.
Sexuality
Rich- Not fluid- women sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society through insinuation's such as marriage, though sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women. Taking a feminist perspective, she uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual roles, ensuring their availability to men
Woodward- Fluid- Postmodernist- gay pride can be created through groups of people coming together who share the same norms and values on their sexuality- celebrities coming out gives people more confidence
McIntosh- Not Fluid- In Western Cultures, homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics. Once male has accepted the label or identity of homosexual, he will start go fulfil these expectations, so the label actually creates the behaviour. Sometimes people see themselves as straight but admit they have attraction to men
LGBTQ+
Social construct
Fluid- Weeks- Sexuality can be an important aspect of identity. Not many people would state ’I am heterosexual’ in relation to their identity but to say ‘I am gay’ makes a statement about belonging and your relationship to dominant sexual codes. This is because it is seen as the norm to be heterosexual.