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Immunology and Disease - Coggle Diagram
Immunology and Disease
Active Immunity
Resistance in an organism that has developed through the production of specific antibodies in response to a pathogen. It provides long-lasting immunity as memory cells are produced.
Antibiotic
A chemical or compound produced by a living organism that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria.
Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria
Bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic, survive and reproduce very rapidly, passing on their antibiotic resistance.
Antibodies
Immunoglobins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, triggering an immune response.
Antigenic Types
Organisms that possess the same or similar antigens on their surface, e.g. strains of a bacteria.
Artificial Active Immunity
The production of antibodies by the immune system following the exposure to a weakened, attenuated or dead pathogen, e.g. vaccination against rubella.
Artificial Passive Immunity
The immunity acquired from the administration of specific antibodies from another organism, e.g. treatment of rabies.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic cells that have cell walls but lack organelles. Some bacteria are pathogenic, producing toxins that damage host cells.
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Bacteriostatic Antibiotic
Prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with processes required for their growth, such as metabolism or DNA replication.
Blood Clotting
The process by which blood forms a clot over a wound, preventing excessive bleeding.
B Lymphocytes
Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes. Two main types are plasma cells and memory cells.
Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics
Target a variety of different bacteria, e.g. tetracycline.
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
A type of specific immune response that involves the destruction of pathogens, infected cells and cancerous cells by immune cells such as T lymphocytes rather than antibodies.
Cholera
A waterborne disease caused by strains of the Gram negative bacterium, Vibro Cholerae, the toxins of which cause severe diarrhoea leading to dehydration. Treatment involves rehydration, and sometimes antibiotics.
Ciliated Mucous Membranes
Membranes lining the respiratory tract that secrete mucus, trapping harmful microbes in inhaled air. Hair-like structures, known as cilia, waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed.
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Clonal Selection
The identification of an antibody-producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of a specific antigen.
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Gram Negative
Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan wall with an outer lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide membrane. The extra layer protects the bacteria from antibacterial agents (penicillin).
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Host
The organism from which a pathogen or parasite obtains nutrients and/ort shelter, The human body acts as a host to many different organisms.
Humoral Immune Response
A type of specific immune response that involves the production and secretion of antibodies specific to a particular antigen.
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Inflammation
A localised response of vascular tissue to pathogens, damage or irritants. It is characterised by pain, redness, heat and swelling.
Influenza
A common viral infection caused by the family of viruses, Orthomyxoviridae, that destroys ciliated epithelial cells in the gaseous exchange system, exposing the airways to secondary infection.
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Lysozyme
The enzyme present in secretions such as tears, saliva and mucous which breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Malaria
A disease caused by the protoctista Plasmodium that lives within two hosts, mosquitoes and humans. It causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. Drug treatments can reduce the risk of infection.
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Natural Barriers
Defences that are always present and are the same for all organisms, e.g. skin, blood clotting, mucous membranes, inflammation and phagocytosis.
Natural Passive Immunity
The immunity acquired by an infant mammal when antibodies are transferred through the placenta and the colostrum from the mother.
Pandemic
An epidemic that occurs worldwide, affecting a large number of individuals.
Passive Immunity
Resistance in an organism acquired via the transfer of antibodies. It provides short-term immunity as no memory cells are produced.
Pathogen
A disease-causing microorganism. Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctista.
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Penicillin
A narrow-spectrum antibiotic that kills Gram positive bacteria. It prevents the formation of cross-links between molecules in the peptidoglycan wall, so when osmotic changes occur, the cell undergoes lysis.
Peptidoglycan
A polymer consisting of amino acids and sugars that forms a 3D mesh and makes up the cell walls of most bacteria.
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Primary Immune Response
The response of the immune system to a pathogen when first encountered. A small number of antibodies are produced slowly.
Protoctista
A group of eukaryotic, single celled microorganisms that may cause disease. They digest cells and use the cell contents to reproduce.
Secondary Immune Response
The response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is encountered for a second (or more) time. Immunological memory gives a rapid production of a large number of antibodies.
Skin Flora
A group of typically harmless microorganisms which are found on the surface of the skin and provide protection from harmful pathogens by competing with them for nutrients.
Specific Immune Response
The second line of defence against pathogens triggered by foreign antigens. Two types; humoral and cell-mediated.
Tetracycline
A broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits translation during protein synthesis. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of an anticodon-binding site on the 30S ribosomal subunits, preventing the formation of new proteins.
T Helper Cell
A type of T lymphocyte that regulates the immune response through the release of cytokines.
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T Lymphocytes
Mature in the thymus gland, Three main types; T helper cells, T killer cells and T memory cells,
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Tuberculosis
An airborne bacterial disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis, that damages lung tissue and weakens the immune system. Treatment involves an extensive course of antibiotics.
Vaccination
The deliberate exposure of an individual to non-pathogenic forms, antigens or products of pathogens to provide artificial active immunity.
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Viruses
Non-living infectious agents that invade host cells and take over cell metabolism, replicating with them.