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Inheritance - Coggle Diagram
Inheritance
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Autosomal Linkage
When two or more genes are positioned on the same autosome. They are unlikely to be separated by crossing over during meiosis so are often inherited together.
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Chi-squared Test
A statistical test used to determine whether a pattern of inheritance is statistically significant.
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Codominance
When both alleles for a gene in a heterozygous organism equally contribute to the phenotype.
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Dominant
Describes an allele that is always expressed, represented by a capital letter.
Down's Syndrome
A genetic disorder characterised by delayed development and learning disabilities. Due to non-disjunction, an affected individual possesses three copies of chromosome 21.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
An X-linked recessive condition characterised by muscle degeneration and weakness. It is more common among males because they only inherit one X chromosome.
Epigenetics
The study of changes in gene expression that are not sue to alterations in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA.
F1 Generation
The first generation of offspring resulting from the cross of two individuals in the parental generation.
F2 Generation
The second generation of offspring resulting from the cross of two individuals in the F1 generation.
Gene
A length of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the production of one or more polypeptide chains and functional RNA.
Gene Mutation
A change to at least one nucleotide base in DNA or the arrangement of bases. Gene mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication and may be beneficial, damaging or neutral.
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Haemophilia
An X-linked recessive condition that results in excessive bleeding and blood that is slow to clot. More common among males because they only inherit one X chromosome.
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Histone Modification
The alteration of histones by the addition of methyl, acetyl or phosphate groups. This can increase or decrease gene expression by making the gene more or less accessible to transcription factors.
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Methylation
The transfer of methyl groups to cytosine bases of DNA. It inhibits transcription by making the DNA less accessible to transcription factors or preventing transcription factors from binding. This deactivates the gene.
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Mutagen
A chemical, biological or physical agent that increases the rate of gene mutations above normal level.
Non-Disjunction
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in anaphase 1 or sister chromatids to separate in anaphase 2, resulting in a change in the diploid number of chromosomes.
Oncogene
Mutations of proto-oncogenes that are activated continuously, resulting in uncontrolled cell division.
Phenotype
An organism's observable characteristics. Due to interactions of the genotype and the environment.
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Sex Chromosome
A chromosome that determines the sex of an organism, e.g. X and Y.
Sickle Cell Anaemia
A recessive genetic disorder caused by a substitution mutation on chromosome 11. This results in abnormal haemoglobin which distorts red blood cells.
Sex-Linkage
The inheritance of a gene only present on the X chromosome in organisms with X and Y chromosomes. This is due to many gene loci on the X chromosome having no counterpart on the Y chromosome.