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2.THEORIES ABOUT SEC LANG ACQ & LEARNING - Coggle Diagram
2.THEORIES ABOUT SEC LANG ACQ & LEARNING
1. THEORIES ON 1st LANG ACQ
Cognitivism
Jean Piaget: cognitive development
Lang acq is related to a child's intellectual development
Innatism
Came from Chomsky's generative ideas about lang
Children are born with an innate capacity for lang development "lang acq device LAD
Competence( knowledge)/performance (realization of the knowledge)
Behaviourism
Skinner
: language to be a process of imitation and reinforcement.
Procedure: stimulus, response, reinforcement.
Nowadays: it does not fully explain all facts of lang acq
3. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BTW L1 ACQ AND L2 LEARNING
Similarities
L1 and L2 are cognitive processes
Children and L2 learners use their innate ability to learn a lang
Many errors in L1 and L2 are similar
Children and L2 learners need to be exposed to comprehensible input
Natural order both in L1 and L2 acquisition
Some grammatical forms are acq before others
Differences
L2 l are different from children since there's a lang present in their minds
L2 is taught in an artificial situation
L2 learners have less time and opportunities for lang exposure and practice than a chilf
The motivation is different as well
4. THE CONCEPT OF INTERLANGUAGE
Positive Transfer
Spanish: Noun + s: ventana-ventanas English: Noun+s window-windows
Negative Transfer
Spanish: Noun + Adj: La casa grande English: Adj + Noun: The house big
*Skinner
coined the term
Interlanguage
: s an idiolect that has been developed by a learner of a second language (or L2) which preserves some features of their first language (or L1), and can also overgeneralize some L2 writing and speaking rules
Fossilisation
when students cease to elaborate their interlanguages in some respect. An example: set of pronunciation errors which constitute a foreign accent
5. ERROR ANALYSIS AND ERROR TREATMENT
Error treatment
Oral work
can be corrected by the sts themselves, in this case the teacher helps him by means of: finger correction, questioning, repetition...
Written work
can be corrected by means of a code, reference grammar books and question prompts
Teachers should not hestiate to correct persistent mistakes
Teachers should be especially aware of errors
Teachers might try to become aware of those structures which are beginning to emerge in their sts interlanguage
It may be useful to encourage learners to take part in the process
Types of error
Interlingual
Resulting from L1 interference
Mistake
: result of fatigue,lack of attention
Error
: lack of competence
Intralingual
Resulting from partial learning of the target language
Overgeneralzation
Extension of some general rules
Simplification
Learners omits grammatical elements
2. THEORIES ON 2nd LANG LEARN
Cognitivism
Views L2 learning as the acq of a complex cognitive skill
This theory is incomplete without a linguistic framework
Based of Chomsky's theory of competence and performance
Acc to Chomsk, lang is a set of finite rules which allow us to create unlimited sentences
Cognitive app supports generative grammar
Krashen's Monitor Model
The Monitor hypothesis
Device that learners use to edit their lang performance.
Learning can function as a monitor that checks the output of the acq system
Natural Order hypothesis
It states that we acquire the rules of lang in a predictable order
Input hypothesis
It states that acq takes place as a result of learners having understood input that is a little beyond their level of competence (comprehensible input)
Affective-filter hypothesis
Krashen sees the learner's emotional state as a filter that passes or blocks the input which is necessary for acq
It is an imaginary barrier that prevents learners from using input which is available in the environment
Acquisition vs Learning hypothesis
Acquisition
Subconscious process that involves nturalistic development of language
Acquiring lang is + successful and longer lasting than learning it.
Learning
Conscious process that results in explicit knowledge about the forms of a lang.
Formal teaching is necessary
Behaviourism
Skinner
: psychological theory, adapted for some time by the language teaching profession, in America and the result was the audio-ling
This theory sees learning as the formation of habits through a repetition and reinforcement
Often linked to Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis)
Constructivism
Takes elements of
cognitivism
and
Krashen's model
Effective learning must be relevant and meaningful
This approach considers errors as an integral part of the learning process
Vigotsky
: comprehensible input is necessary for lang acq