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1.EVOLUTION LANG TEACHING - Coggle Diagram
1.EVOLUTION LANG TEACHING
1. TRADITIONAL
1.2 Direct Method
Teaching Practise
Speaking and Listening were the most important skills
Medium: English
Vocabulary: incidentally or via lists grouped under types of situations
Evaluation
Disadvantages
Lack of serious linguistic foundations.
Impossibility of using L1, long paraphrasing was required, thus resulting in time managing trouble
Advantages
Students exposed to a spoken input of the target lang in a way more realistic version of L2 than in GT
Philosophy
Answer to the grammar-translation
Same conditions in which babies acquire L1(imitation mother tongue's acquisition process)
1.3 Audio-Lingual Method
Teaching Practise
Do you ever ask your students to repeat? Do you every use drills? Or choral drilling? If answer YES you are using AL approach - It has its roots in the USA during WWII (Army Specialised Training Programme)
Evaluation
Pupils turn into parrots
They can never create anything new or spontaneous
Regard audio-visuals as teaching method not aid
Did mark the start of the technological age in language teaching
Philosophy
Underpinned by structural linguistics
Focused on phonemic, morphological and syntactic systems underlying the grammar of a given language.
Also based on the behaviourist theory: language elicited by a stimulus and that stimulus triggers a response. The response in turn produces some kind of reinforcement
1.1 Grammar-Translation
Teaching Practise
Taught as a set of
rules
modelled after the classical languages (Latin and Greek)
Practice done through
written exercises
Medium of instruction:
mother tongue
Vocabulary: via
translation and long lists
Teacher-centered
Evaluation
Lacked a structured scientific vision fo the language
Neglected phonology, syntax and oral input and output
Philosophy
Faculty of psychology. --> Mental discipline through tedious drilling repetitions
2. HUMANISTIC
Silent Way
Philosophy
Gattegno: principle that the teacher should be as silent as possible
3 basic tenets: 1)learning facilitated if learner discovers, 2) learning is aided by physical objects and 3) problem-solving is central
Teaching Practice
Goal: achieve near-native fluency
The teacher doesn't interfere
Coded-coloured sticks
Teaching action--> testing--> moving on
Evaluation
Disad
Lack of real communication
Limited to relatively small groups
Ad
Problem-solving feature
Community Lang Learning
Teaching Practice
Teacher not control conversation
Transcripts of conversations give security (careful not to depend)
Card games also helpful
Reflection session is essential.
Philosophy
Founded on Charles Curran's counselling psychology
Human being needs to be aided by the community (reduce anxiety)
Conversation circle provides security
Natural Approach
Philosophy
1970s Stephen Krashen
He distinguishes btw acquisition (subconscious) and learning (conscious); acquiring = + successful
Input: slightly higher level than the students are capable of using, but a level that the students are able to understand
Characteristics
As much comprehensible input as possible
Teacher should afford sts the opportunity to acquire langu rather than force them
Focus on: listening and reading (Speaking allowed to emerge)
Relaxed environment
Evaluation
Advant
Emphasizes comprehension and meaningful communication
Disad
Acquisition takes long time
Suggestopedia
Philosophy
Considered the strangest
Developed in the 70s by Lozanov
The notion being that positive suggestion would make the learner more receptive
Teaching practice
Use of music,relaxing environment, and relationship between the teacher and student similar to the parent-chilf
Evaluation
Little evidence to support it
Many people find classical music irritating rather than stimulating
Teacher reading exaggerated intonation
Certain elements may be incorporated into more eclectical approaches: lighting, decoration...
Physical Response
Teaching Practice
Main goal: teaching oral proficiency at beginner's levels
Intensive oral drilling og grammar structures
Teachers use a great deal of commands
No translation allowed
Evaluation
Not an elaborate linguistic approach and consequently it has received a limited response from teachers
Philosophy
Acc to James Asher, TRP is based on the premise that the human brain has a biological program for acquiring a language
The child responds physically to the speech of his parent
3. CURRENT APPROACHES
Communicative Lang Teaching
Characteristics
Teaching items are introduced in a meaningful context
Arranging functions (meaning and use of structures) not forms (grammar)
Fluency is prior to accuracy
Errors are seen as normal
Materials have a very important rol
Adv/Dis
Advantages
:
Focuses on real world language.
Learners' perceptions, feelings are taken into account.
Work independently
Disadvantages
:
Is this approach suitable for all levels? Many consider that the functional syllabus is more suitable for intermediate studets
Intro
1970s
as a reaction to the Audiolingual method. Developed from the writings of British applied linguists such as:
Wilkins
Widdowson
Others
Eclecticism
Teachers may benefit from so many different approaches.
Translation
: quick and efficient to get across meaning
Grammar
: as starting point
Drilling
: useful expression
Gap-filling exercises
: to raise students' awareness of common lexical expressions
Task-based approaches
: role-play
Tasks
are now seen as an excellent opportunity for students to put their diff competences into practice