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Explanations of Forgetting 2 - Coggle Diagram
Explanations of Forgetting 2
Context
Definition
: Where the relevant cues in the environment that were there when you learnt the information, are then missing from the place you then recall the information in - stops you remembering the information.
GODDEN & BADDELEY - Aim
: To investigate if recall was affected when participants had to recall information in a different context to where they fist learnt this information.
Method
: 18 divers learned a list of words either on land or underwater. There were conditions - Learn and recall on land; learn and recall underwater; learn on land and recall underwater; learn underwater and recall on land.
Results
: In the two of these conditions, the environmental context of learning and recall matched, where as the other two did not. Accurate recall of the words was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions.
Conclusion
: When the external cues available at learning are different from the ones at recall, this leads to retrieval failure.
(+) CDF is supported by Godden and Baddeley
: Method and results - cue absent and cue present.
(-) Low Population Validity
: only divers - what about non-divers? Small sample size as only 18 used - CDF may be difficult to generalise to the wider population - people who aren't divers.
(-) Low Ecological Validity
: You don't need to recall information underwater - conducted tasks such as learning and recalling a list of words which is not an everyday task - limited real life evidence.
State
Definition
: Where there are psychological and physiological differences between how you felt when learning the information and then how you feel when you are recalling the information.
DARLEY ET AL - Aim
: Wanted to investigate state dependent forgetting
Method
: Participants smoked cannabis and then were asked to hide some money whilst high. they were then asked to find the money again - some were high and others weren't.
Results
: People who were still under the influence of cannabis when asked to find the money were more successful in doing so compared to people who were sober and asked to do the same.
Conclusion
: This indicates that the psychological/physiological state you are in at the time of coding information needs to be similar to the state you are in when recalling the information to be successful.
(-) Lack of protection from harm and no right to withdraw
(+) SDF is supported by Darley et al
: Method and Results:
Retrieval Failure Theory
- People may forget information because of insufficient cues. When information is placed in memory it us stores with associated cues. If these cues aren't available when remembering - it may appear like they've been forgotten.
(+) Real Life Application
: Baddeley suggests that when we have trouble remembering something it is worth making the effort to try and recall the environment in which we learnt it first - first basic principle of a technique used in the CI.