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29 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND ARTICULATION. COHESION AND COHERENCE. ANAPHORA…

- - - - Declarative: change the state of affairs in the world
      - Directive: get the addressee to do something
      - Expressive: express feelings, attitudes
      - Representative: describe states or events in the world
      - Commisive: commit the speaker to doing something in the future
- - - - Substitution: replacing one item by another
        
        Verbal: do, have, be
        
        Clausal: do, so, not
        
        Nominal: one, ones, same
      - Ellipsis: omission of part of a clause
      - Reference
      - Conjunctions: connect clauses and help the addressee to interpret the relation between them
        
        Adversative but, yet, though, instead, rather than
        
        Causal so, then, hence, as a result
        
        Additive and, furthermore, likewise
        
        Temporal then, next, after that, finally
    - - Re-iteration
        
        Antonymy
        
        Hyponymy
        
        Metonymy
        
        Synonymy
        
        Repetition
        
        Co-reference
      - Collocation: habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items