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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, imagen, imagen, imagen -…
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Counter-Reformation
The clarification of their teachings
dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained. These included carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation, observing the seven sacraments, recognising the Pope as the highest authority, venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints, and the need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
Internal reform
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received. Bishops were more strictly controlled, the sale of indulgences was prohibited and the religious orders were reformed
Council of Trent, which has held between 1545 and 1563, established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas: the clarification of their teachings, internal reform and the repression of Protestantism
The repression of Protestantism
followers were considered heretics. The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books, which opposed the Catholic faith
religious wars
Carlos I, the Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain, was appointed Emperor in 1519 (Carlos V). He was a devout Catholic and tried to mediate
In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and attempted to prosecute him for heresy. It was unsuccessful because he received the protection of the German nobles
meetings took place, such as the Diet of Worms, but no agreement was reached. The Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but they say that were reformed
Emperor supported the Pope and the Church, but the Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League, the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, under which the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
In the Low Countries, the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War took place. This was both a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
British Isles, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) took place. These were a series of conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland, which ended with the Anglicans gaining power
In France, the wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century. There were very bloody episodes, such as the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
