Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II, image, image, image, image -…
EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II
THE PROTESTAN REFORM
It was a religious movement which began in the first half of the 16th century.
It instigated the division of the Christian Church and the founding of protestant churches.
CAUSES
The low clergy's lack of training
The church hierarchy did not give much importance to the training of its priests
Many of them didn't behave properly
The bad example set by the high clergy.
The top of the hierarchy occupied positions for their own gain
They hadn't got any respect to anyone
The church's wealth
The high clergy lived a luxury life.
They obtained income by carrying out religious sacraments and from the veneration of holy relics, saints and the Virgin Mary.
The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the humble population.
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions.
These positions provided an income and economic rights
The sale of indulgences
When the church needed money it sold indulgences.
That way people will be forgiven for their sins
Many peasant revolts occurred, in which they demanded both religious and economic reforms
LUTHER'S BREAK FROM ROME
He published 95 Theses in 1517, criticising the sale of indulgences and other bad practices carried out by the ecclesiastical hierarchy. And about the bad trates of the hierarhy.
This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
HIS OWN IDEAS
Free interpretation of the Bible
Priests should be abolished because anyone could read and interpret the Bible in their own way. He initiated the translation of the holy book into various languages.
Forgiveness and salvation
They do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life, but on faith and God's will.
Rejection of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics.
Rejection of the sacraments, except for baptism and the Eucharist.
Opposition
To the Church owning property and support for the nobles taking over the Church's possessions
IMPORTANT DATES
1517
Luther publishes 95 Theses.
1521
The Pope demands that Luther retracts his writings at the Diet of Worms.
1522
Luther translates the Bible into German.
1536
Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway.
1559-1562
Eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain.
THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION
Lutheranism spread rapidly across northern Europe
New doctrines
Ultricht Zwingli
Was a Swiss pastor who founded the Reformed Church in the city of Zurich.
His doctrine rejected the authority of the Pope.
John Calvin
Was a French theologian who spread a type of Protestantism from Geneva in Switzerland.
He believed on the predestination.
Henrry VII
The pope didn't give permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon
in 1534 he broke with the Catholic Church
he appointed himself head of the Church of England or Anglican Church.
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUES WARS
In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and attempted to prosecute him for heresy.
Luther received the protection of the German nobles.
Carlos I
Was the Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain
Became Emperor in 1519, he was called Carlos V
He tried to prevent the division of the church
Various meetings took place
The Diet of Worms
Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but they referred to themselves as the Reformed
The Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League.
A civil war broke out and the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547.
Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555
In europe some religious wars were provoked
Low Countries,
The Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years War took place. This was a rebellion against spanich rule and civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics.
British Isles,
Wars of the Three Kingdoms took place. This was a confict between Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland, And ended with the victory of the Anglicans.
France
The wars were very bloody episodes. And the continue till the 16th century. The conflicts ended in 1598 when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes,
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated.
The pope and the emperor became less influential.
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions.
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation.
The Council of Trent established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas
Clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
They recognised the pope has the highest authority, they had to venerat the Virgin Mary and the saints, and the need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations.
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received.
The Society of Jesus gained power. The Jesuits became the main group responsible for spreading the teachings of the Counter-Reformation.
The repression of Protestantism
The followers were considered heritics.
The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books, which opposed the Catholic faith, was published.
