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Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II - Coggle Diagram
Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
It was a religious, intellectual and political movement
led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
The Council of Trent
established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas
the repression of Protestantism
whose followers were considered heretics
The Inquisition was reinforced
an Index of forbidden books, which opposed the Catholic faith, was published
the clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
the need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
observing the seven sacraments
internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
Bishops were more strictly controlled
The Society of Jesus gained importance
held between 1545 and 1563
RELIGIOUS WARS
1521
the Church excommunicated Luther
The church and attempted to prosecute Luther for heresy
it was unsuccessful
he received the protection of the German nobles
They saw an opportunity to increase
their possessions
their autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Carlos I
the Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain
appointed Emperor in 1519, as Carlos V
a devout Catholic
so he tried to mediate in this conflict to prevent the division of the Church
Various meetings
the Diet of Worms
but no agreement was reached
Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants
but they referred to themselves as the Reformed
supported the Pope and the Church
but the Protestant German princes supported Luther
formed an alliance-->the Schmalkaldic League
As a result a civil war started
the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League
at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555
This agreement did not result in religious peace in Europe
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Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other
in Switzerland
the Calvinists executed the Spanish scientist Miguel Servet for his religious beliefs
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power
by taking over their national churches and their possessions
THE SPANISH HABSBURG DYNASTY
THE RELIGIOUS WARS
16th century
the Spanish Monarchy became the most powerful in Europe
Felipe II took over the throne from 1556 to 1598
Carlos V, or Carlos I of Spain, reigned from 1516 to 1556
Both monarchs pursued similar political objectives
To retain their territorial patrimony
through numerous wars against other kingdoms
The riches obtained from the Americas
not sufficient to finance their foreign policies
So they became indebted to Italian and German bankers
To defend Catholicism
they took measures to preserve religious unity
in their territories
in whole of Europe
Their domestic policy continued to be discriminatory
They resorted to using the concept of "purity of blood"
to prevent the conversos from gaining access to public positions
Outside Spain, they waged religiously motivated wars against the Protestant states
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 16TH CENTURY
The economy prospered due to the riches obtained from the Americas
The port of Sevilla monopolised trade with the colonies
To protect the ships from pirate attacks
Felipe II organised a fleet system
so the voyages between the Americas and Sevilla could be made in groups escorted by warships
The arrival of precious metals on the Peninsula affected the Spanish Monarchy
It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars
The arrival of metals enriched the nobility
As they had more resources
the monarchs were able to begin more expensive projects
The economy continued to be based on agriculture
the majority of the population became extremely vulnerable when harvests were bad
The craft industry began to grow due to an increase in demand from the American territories
At the end of the 16th century
the Spanish economy went into decline
Only small local craft industries were able to survive
The major industries could not compete with those from abroad
This fall in production also affected trade
This economic decline deeply affected society
The number of people who had to beg to survive increased and many joined the clergy to escape poverty
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
CAUSES
The church's wealth
The high clergy lived a life of luxury
The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the humble population
It obtained income by carrying out religious sacraments
and from the veneration of holy relics, saints and the Virgin Mary
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions
provided an income and economic rights
were therefore a way of getting rich
The bad example set by the high clergy
The majority of those at the top of the hierarchy
occupied positions for their own gain
did not respect the customs or morals that they preached.
The sale of indulgences
When the church needed money
it sold indulgences
through which it helped believers to be forgiven for their sins
The low clergy's lack of training
The church did not give much importance to the training of its priests
so many of them did not behave appropriately
These circumstances angered the majority of believers
Many peasant revolts occurred
Erasmus of Rotterdam, denounced the bad practices
but
no action was taken to resolve the situation
they demanded both religious and economic reforms
LUTHER'S BREAK FROM ROME
Martin Luther was scandalised by the amount of corruption in the Church
He published 95 Theses in 1517
criticising the sale of indulgences and other bad practices of the hierarchy
the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
the Lutheran doctrine
Forgiveness and salvation
do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life
but on faith and God's will
Rejection
sacraments
except for baptism and the Eucharist
the veneration
the Virgin Mary
saints
holy relics
Free interpretation of the Bible
Priests should be abolished
because anyone could read and interpret the Bible in their own way
he initiated the translation of the holy book
into various languages
Opposition to the Church owning property
support for the nobles
taking over the Church's possessions
The Reformation was a religious movement
instigated the division of the Christian Church
instigated the founding of protestant churches
began in the first half of the 16th century
THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION
Lutheranism spread rapidly across northern Europe
diversified and other reformers appeared with new doctrines
John Calvin
French theologian who spread a type of Protestantism from Geneva in Switzerland
His beliefs were based on predestination
meaning-->people were destined for salvation or damnation from birth
The Pope
would not give his consent for King Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragón
in 1534
he broke with the Catholic Church
the Act of Supremacy was passed
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Ultricht Zwingli
a Swiss pastor
founded the Reformed Church
in the city of Zurich
His doctrine
proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy among priests
rejected the authority of the Pope
Calvinism
spread across
England
Scotland
Switzerland
France
the north of the Low Countries