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THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION - Coggle Diagram
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The Reformation was a religious movement which began in the first half of the 16th century. It instigated the division of the Christian Church and the founding of protestant churches
Causes
The low clergy's lack of training
The church hierarchy did not give much importance to the training of its priests
Many of them did not behave appropriately
The bad example set by the high clergy
The majority of those at the top of the hierarchy occupied positions for their own gain.
They did not respect the customs or morals that they preached.
The church's wealth
The high clergy lived a life of luxury.
The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the humble population.
It also obtained income by carrying out religious sacraments and from the veneration of holy relics, saints and the Virgin Mary.
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions
These positions provided an income and economic rights.
Were therefore a way of getting rich.
The sale of indulgences
When the church needed money it sold indulgences, through which it helped believers to be forgiven for their sins.
These circumstances angered the majority of believers.
Many peasant revolts occurred, in which they demanded both religious and economic reforms.
The humanists, denounced the bad practices, but no action was taken to resolve the situation.
Luther's break from Rome
The German priest Martin Luther was scandalised by the amount of corruption in the Church.
He published 95 Theses in 1517, criticising the sale of indulgences and other bad practices carried out by the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Throughout the rest of his life, Luther continued to criticise the Church and develop his ideas.
His main principles were
Free interpretation of the Bible. Initiated the translation of the holy book into various languages.
Forgiveness and salvation do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life, but on faith and God's will.
Rejection of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics.
Opposition to the Church owning property and support for the nobles taking over the Church's possessions.
Important things
1517 Luther publishes 95 theses
1521 The Pope demands that Luther retracts his writings at the Diet of Worms. When he refuses, he is excommunicated and expelled from the Empire.
1522 Luther translates the Bible into German.
1536 Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway.
1559-1562 Eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain.
The spread of the reformation
Lutheranism spread rapidly across northern Europe.
Appeared new doctrines
Ulricht Zwingli
Was a Swiss pastor who founded the Reformed Church in the city of Zurich.
His doctrine rejected the authority of the Pope and proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy among priests.
John Calvin
Was a French theologian who spread a type of Protestantism from Geneva in Switzerland.
His beliefs were based on predestination, meaning that people were destined for salvation or damnation from birth.
Calvinism spread across Switzerland and to England, Scotland , France and the north of the Low Countries.
King Henry VIII
The Pope would not give his consent for King Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragón.
In 1534 he broke with the Catholic Church and the Act of Supremacy was passed.
Under which he appointed himself head of the Church of England or Anglican Church.
