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Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II, image, image, image, image -…
Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The Reformation was a religious movement which began in the first half of the 16th century. s.
Causes of reformation
The low clergy's lack of training.
The church hierarchy did not give much importance to the training of its priests and therefore, many of them did not behave appropriately.
The bad example set by the high clergy.
The majority of those at the top of the hierarchy occupied positions for their own gain
The church's wealth.
The high clergy lived a life of luxury. The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the humble population.
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions.
These positions provided an income and economic rights, and were therefore a way of getting rich
The sale of indulgences.
When the church needed money it sold indulgences, through which it helped believers to be forgiven for their sins.
Luther´s first break from rome
The German priest Martin Luther was scandalised by the amount of corruption in the Church.
He published 95 Theses in 1517, criticising the sale of indulgences and other bad practices carried out by the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
His main principles:
Free interpretation of the Bible
Priests should be abolished because anyone could read and interpret the Bible in their own way.
Forgiveness and salvation do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life, but on faith and God's will.
Rejection of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics. Rejection of the sacraments, except for baptism and the Eucharist.
Opposition to the Church owning property and support for the nobles taking over the Church's possessions
Things that luther did:
1517
Luther publishes 95 Theses.
1521
The Pope demands that Luther retracts his writings at the Diet of Worms. When he refuses, he is excommunicated and expelled from the Empire.
1522
Luther translates the Bible into German.
1536
Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway.
1559-1562
Eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain.
The spread of the reformation
Ultricht Zwingli
a Swiss pastor who founded the Reformed Church in the city of Zurich.
His doctrine rejected the authority of the Pope and proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy among priests
The Pope would not give his consent for King Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragón
1534
he broke with the Catholic Church and the Act of Supremacy was passed
he appointed himself head of the Church of England or Anglican Church.
John Calvin
was a French theologian who spread a type of Protestantism from Geneva in Switzerland.
His beliefs were based on predestination, meaning that people were destined for salvation or damnation from birth
Calvinism
Presbyterians
Scotland
Huguenots
France
Puritians
Switzerland and to England
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious wars
In 1521
The church excommunicated Luther and attempted to prosecute him for heresy
It was unsuccessful because he received the protection of the German nobles.
Carlos I
The Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain, was appointed Emperor in 1519 (as Carlos V)
He was a devout Catholic and tried to mediate in this conflict to prevent the division of the Church.
Various meetings took place
Diet of Worms, but no agreement was reached.
The Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but they referred to themselves as the Reformed.
The Emperor supported the Pope and the Church,
the Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League.
A civil war broke out
Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547.
Finally the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555
The Peace of Ausburg did not result in religious peace in Europe.
In France
The wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century.
There were very bloody episodes
These conflicts ended in 1598 when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom.
Low Countries
the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) took place
This was both a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
British Isles
the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) took place
These were a series of conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland, which ended with the Anglicans gaining power.
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential. The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions.
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Council of Trent, which has held between 1545 and 1563, established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas: the clarification of their teachings, internal reform and the repression of Protestantism.
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained.
These included carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation, observing the seven sacraments, recognising the Pope as the highest authority, venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption.
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received.
The Society of Jesus (founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, who vowed obedience to the Pope) also gained importance.
The repression of Protestantism
The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books, which opposed the Catholic faith, was published.
