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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
1521
the Church
excommunicated Luther
prosecute him for heresy
unsuccessful
received the protection of the German nobles
Carlos I
Catholic Monarchs' grandson
King of Spain
Carlos V
Emperor in 1519
tried to prevent the division of the Church
diet of Worms
no agreement reach
Lutherans
Catholics considered them Protestants
they referred to themselves as the Reformed
The Emperor supported the Church and Pope
Protestant German princes supported Luther
Schmalkaldic League
civil war
Eperor won
battle of Mühlberg in 1547
France sided against him
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
religious freedom
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
religious, intellectual and political movement
Catholic Church VS. Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
between 1545 and 1563
clarification of their teachings
principles that the Protestants had rejected
maintained
Internal reform
resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
Bishops were more strictly controlled
sale of indulgences was prohibited
Society of Jesus
gained importance
repression of Protestantism
followers were considered heretics
the Inquisition was reinforced
forbidden books
Peace of Augsburg
provoked a series of religious wars
In France
Catholics VS protestants
very bloody episodes
ended in 1598
King Henry IV
signed the Edict of Nantes
a certain amount of religious freedom
In the Low Countries
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648)
a rebellion against Spanish rule
a civil war
Calvinists VS Catholics
victory of the Calvinists
British Isles
Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651)
Catholics VS Anglicans VS Puritans
Anglicans gained power
Consequences
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
