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5 ways of classifying research - Coggle Diagram
5 ways of classifying research
Purpose of research
Description- asks who/how/where/when?
Explanation- asking why?
Exploration-asks what/how many?
Methods of reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Moves from specific to general
Pattern
Tentative Hypothesis
Observation
Theory
Deductive reasoning
Moves from general to specific
Hypothesis
Observation
Theory
Confirmation
Nature of data
Qualitative data
Comes from field research and case studies in which in-depth information is collected and conclusion are drawn based on observation
Is non-numerical
More subjective
Used when exploring behavior that not much is known about
Quantitative Data
Requires carefully designed studies. Conclusions are drawn from statistics and generalized to populations of interest
Numerical data
Quantity can be counted
Unit of analysis
Community
Prisons, police departments, court rooms, drug treatment facilities, businesses, agencies
States
Groups
Police beats, patrol districts, households, city blocks, cities, countries
Nations
Individuals
College student, police, victims, defendants, inmates, gang members, burglars
Social artifacts
Products of social beings and their behavior
Stories in newspapers, posts on the internet, photographs of crime scenes, incident reports, police/citizen interactions
Reductionism fallacy
Using anecdotal (individual) evidence to predict how a group might behave
Ecological fallacy
Making assertions about individuals based on the examinations of groups
Time dimension of research
Cross-sectional studies
Observing a single point in time (a cross-section)
Longitudinal studies
Panel Studies
Follow the same people/groups/organizations over multiple time periods
NCVS- interviewed every 6 months
Cohort Studies
Just like a panel study, but the individuals share a common experience
Goal is to examine how they change over time
Trend Studies
Examine changes within some general population over time
Often collect data over many years