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32 THE NARRATIVE TEXT. STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS - Coggle Diagram
32
THE NARRATIVE TEXT. STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
Types of text
: narrative, descriptive, expository, argumentatie and dialogic.
Types of narrative texts
: narration refers to the telling of actions or events that happen at various times and places
Non-fictional narrative
: objective accounts of events
Fictional narrative
: a story which, although we have no record of its actually having happened, is told as if it were true
Anecdote, fable and parable
Narrative texts: elements and structure
Main elements of narrative texts
Characters
: protagonist vs secondary, helpers vs marginal, protagonist vs antagonist, hero vs villain, flat vs round
The setting
: set of spatio-temporal references about the fictional world
Narrator
: the one who tells the story to the readers
Structure of narrative texts
Complication
: the whole of events which result in a conflict and force a transformation of the initial situation and characters through a series of actions
Resolution
: back to a balanced situation
Setting
: exposes the context where events take place
Labov's classification
Complication
: a crisis develops
Resolution
: the conflict is resolved
Orientation
: sets the scene, time, place and characters
Coda
: a moral that summarises or evaluates the story
Abstract
: formulaic expression to introduce a particular genre
Order of the elements of a narration
: story (the events that constitute the narrative arranged in chronological order) vs plot (the way in which the writer organises these events in the narrative)
Chronological order
: narrative is organised on the basis of time and logical mechanisms: verbs, adverbs, adverbial clauses and connectors. Flashbacks/flashforwards
Anachronies
: analepsis (from the future to the past) vs prolepsis (from the present to the future)
Narrator and point of view
: the way a story gets told, the way the reader is presented the narrative
First person narrator
: the author invents and then impersonates a character who tells the story from their own point of view. Witness vs periferal participant
Stream of consciousness
: the point of view is limited to the consciousness of a character within the story itself
Third person narrator
Objective narrator (camera eye)
: presents action without comment and without entering the minds of the characters.
Intrusive narrator
: comments and evaluates actions and comments on human life
Limited narrator
: describes the events in the story by focusing only on one or a few characters
Omniscient narrator
: knows what every character thinks and feels at every moment. Free to move at will in time and place
Modes of speech presentation
Indirect speech
: reported words are subordinated to an introduction of the narrator
Free indirect speech
: maintains indirect structure without reporting verb
Direct speech
: actual words uttered by a character. Graphological indications (hyphenation)
Grammatical features
Copula sentences and description
Connectors
: signal the structure and the order and relationship between the events
Deixis