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Chapter 17: Genetics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a piece of DNA is lost
    - - extra DNA added
    - - converted into another base
    - - DNA put backwards.
- - - - Independent Assortment
        
        allele of one gene moving to allele of another gene
        
        9:3:3:1 ratio
        
        Duplicate during S phase
        
        homologous
      - Crossing Over
        
        Farther apart the more chances
        
        no preferential sites
        
        synaptonemal complex is formed
      - depends on position of the genes
- - - - Crossing heterozygotes with themselves
        
        used own's pollen to fertilize
        
        Selfing
        
        1:2:1 ratio
        
        Punnet square is used
        
        eg: most of the flowering plants
    - - Only single character is analyzed
        
        for eg: Plant with red flowers
        
        first filial generation
        
        parental generation
        
        rr= homozygous
        
        Rr = heterozygous
        
        nether parental trait dominates other
    - - Dominant is expressed (TT)
      - Recessive is not expressed (tt)
      - 3:1 ratio
- - - - Biparental Inheritance
        
        alleles of both parents are equally transmitted
      - uniparental inheritance
        
        genome from maternal parent is transmitted
    - - presence can kill the plant.
      - most often recessive nature
    - - Polyploid
        
        plants with more than two sets of chromosomes
      - non disjunction
        
        change in chromosome number per nucleus
      - paralogs
        
        gene similar with wild type and can be recognized