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Chapter Three Historical Issues in Education - Coggle Diagram
Chapter Three
Historical Issues in Education
Relationship Between Edward Miner Gallaudet
and Alexander Graham Bell
EMG
Born Connecticut in 1837
started CAID in 1850
AGB
Born Scotland in 1847
founded Volta Buereau in 1887
receptive to idea of merger but never finalized
system of visible speech
EMG and AGB Similarities
deaf mothers
founded Cosmos Club
spoke at committee
1880
deaf people viewed by
Ponce de Leon, Ramirez, Bonet made positive impact. l'Epee founded a school for deaf people and use of sign language
Roman Law forbade inheritance among deaf people
Aristotle believed deaf people were uneducable
Favor oralism by Amann, Heinicke, and Braidwood
International Congress on Education of the deaf happened on September 1880 at Milan, Italy
Voted to outlaw use of sign language
Resolutions
2 ) pure oral method be preferred
other ) first speech then writing; taught by pure oral method, conversations be exclusive to speech, admitting deaf child from 8-10 years old in a school
1 ) oral method preferred
Milan conference
Bell support of oralism in education and Milan resolution
Post-Milan Attitude
Ban on sign language in America until 1900s
rapid growth of oral programs
deaf teachers were forbidden to be near deaf children
no record of visual history of sign language
combined system was used if needed in schools of oral education in lower grades
combination of speech, signs, fingerspelling was used in advanced grades
In 1900, educators proposed combined system but failed
Segregation
gender, race, and communication
genders were kept apart in education and leisure activites
women banned from attending College
First black student admitted and graduate in 1913
Miller v D.C. Board of Education, Kendal School programs separate but equal Divisions
Education
no school for black deaf children
black students integrated to white schools only
13 segregated schools
students left with skills, employment opportunities, professions
After Civil War ended, records of black pupils were lost when schools closed.
No own background of black culture or history
Home Sweet Second Home
deaf pupils traveled to school in the fall
own cemeteries
Deaf schools used as forts or hospitals
travel accessible after war
Students had preference in staying at schools
residential encouraged to send students home every other week and provide enjoyment
Going down in History: Deaf Rights
Minnesota School for the Deaf
Ronald applied but passed over by a less qualified hearing person
no superintendents were deaf
Deaf President Now (DPN)
Took place at Gallaudet University
lasted one week, multiple rallies, press conference, and marches
students, alumni and faculty protested by taking over campus
King Jordan named first president
legal assumptions, attitudes, and prejudice against deaf people from Europe
misguided by philosophers, priests, scholars, and physicians
paternalism, discrimination
banned use of sig, received instruction and communication without manual language
driving was not allowed for "safety"
deaf people passed over by a hearing person for Gallaudet University
Perception of stigma/ discrimination
Faith Healer
5 years old when presented to minister
older sister brought Melvia and her deaf sister to be saved
considered as a miracle for saying the word mom
Eugenics
hereditary improvement with controlled selective breeding
common recessive gene Connexin 26 (Cx26)
specific laws used to prevent genetic discrimination
Minority groups suffered oppression on continuous basis
4 charactheristics
identify themselves as minority, identify themselves as Deaf
Marry within one another
share common characteristics (skin color/language)
Minority, Deaf people suffered oppression either intentional or unintentional
Audism
notion of one is superior based on ones ability to hear or behave in the manner of one who hears
deaf drivers were said to be "unfit"
subtle or blunt
ignorance
hearing person wonders why a hearing person marries a
deaf person;
Deafhood
process of creating or accepting an identity
deaf people achieve fullest and strong Deaf selves positively
Attitudes: Recognizing the Past
stigma persists today of being deaf or no speech skills is equal to lack of intelligence
people who did not speak were cut off from mainstream society
Noted figures in early history
Ancient Rome
Justinian law recognized differences
Biblical Times
identify those who were born deaf and who became deaf later
Ancient Greece
Deaf and disabled children were killed and considered as non-human
19th century
educational opportunities were widespread
Ancient Times
deaf people were hopeless, senseless, and unable to express themselves appropriately
20th century
paternalism continued
sterilization and Hitler