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The Lake District: The Impact of Glacial Processes - Coggle Diagram
The Lake District: The Impact of Glacial Processes
General facts:
England's National Park
2362 square kilometres, 912 square miles, 583,747 acres/236,234 hectares
Width
(W-E) 58km/36miles
(N-S) 64km/40miles
Windermere
- Longest lake in England (10.5 miles long)
Wastwater
- deepest lake in England (74m)
Bassenthwaite
- only official lake ( all others are meres/waters)
The National Park includes 26miles of coastline and estuaries
Geology:
Three main groups of rocks are found in the Lake District:
Skiddaw slates:
Oldest
Northern
Sedimentary black muds and sands 500million years ago
Metamorphic raised and folded by tectonics
Borrowdale volcanics:
Central
Igneous
Highest mountains eg.
Scafell
450million years ago
Windermere group:
Southern
Sedimentary mudstone/sandstone
420million years ago
Metamorphic folded and faulted eg.
Morecame Bay
As well as the three main groups there are some outcrops of varying geology revealed through erosion such as:
Granite:
400 million years ago eg.
Eskdale, Ennerdale
Carboniferous limestone:
320million years ago
Tropical sea
Shell/skeletal remains
eg.
Whitbarrow , Yewbarrow
Erosional landforms:
Helvellyn Range:
Pyramidal Peak:
(summit of Helvellyn itself)
Not as sharply pointed as many such landforms
Eroded during the coldest part of the glacial period when ice covered this area completely
Corries:
Lacks more than two corries on its flanks
Hence, less sharply eroded by the retreat of their back walls
Valley glaciers are forming:
Corrie glaciers and re-occupied corries move downslope under gravity into nearby valleys
Red Tarn
- separated from
Nethermost Cove
(S) by a narrow
arete
Striding Edge
Ullswater:
Ice from
Red Tarn
flowed into the valley of
Glenridding
Forms a valley glacier (creates a
trough
) which is fed into
Ullswater
Ribbon lake
is formed
However, the floor is quite irregular (presence of resistant bands of volcanic rocks)
Roche mountonee
- formed on an outcrop of this rock in the middle of the lake (
Norfolk Island
)
Truncated spurs and hanging valleys:
(Helvellyn Range (W))
Formed as a glacier moved through the trough now occupied by
Thirlmere
Helvellyn Gill
(
hanging valley
)
Contains a stream
Now has a series of
waterfalls
- 500m drop , over 2km from
Low Moss
into
Thirlmere
Walla Grag
- very steep
truncated spur
, near vertical bare rock outcrops
Depositional landforms:
Drumlins:
formed by ice movement
Lie on carboniferous rock
Range from 50m-120m high
Some are rock cored, some are till based
Extensive drumlin fields south of
Kendal
(NW/SE)
Showing southward movement of ice
Rarely found above 300m above sea level
Moraines:
deposited during glacial retreat (11,000 years ago)
Lateral Moraine:
Langstrath Valley
(right back), foot of
Greenup Gill:
Retained distinctive appearance due to lack of our mass movement processes on the valley side
Medial Moraine:
Wythburn Valley
(centre):
Deposited during the final retreat of the valley glacier found at the end of
Blea Water (Mardale)
Erratics:
some from Scotland, some more local
Borrowdale Volcanics Group:
Transported about 30km SE, deposited on carboniferous limestone at
Witherstack
Can be up to 3M in diameter