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B3 Revision (L1 to L9) - Coggle Diagram
B3 Revision (L1 to L9)
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L3 - Viral Diseases
Measles:
Treatment: None
Prevention: MMR vaccine, regular hand washing, cover nose and mouth when sneezing
Spread by: Droplets in the air
Symptoms: Fever, red-brown rash, sore red eyes
HIV:
Treatment: No cure but can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs
Prevention: Contraception during intercourse
Spread by: Spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
Symptoms: Flu like symptoms, virus attacks the body's immune cells if not controlled, can eventually develop into AIDS
Tobacco Mossaic Virus:
Treatment: Remove all infected plants
Prevention: Wash hands and tools thoroughly
Spread by: Contaminated sap, vectors (insects)
Symptoms: Lack of chlorophyll (less photosynthesis), discolouration of the leaf
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L5 - Fungal Diseases
Rose Black Spot:
Treatment: Using fungicides, destroy infected leaves
Prevention: N/A
Spread by: Spores dispersed by wind / water
Symptoms: Purple/black spots of leaves, reduces amount of chloropyll within the leaf.
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L6 - Human Defence
The body's primary defences are non-specific, external defences such as skin, saliva mucus and stomach acid.
The body's secondary defences are specific, internal defences such as the immune system
White blood cells aid in defending the body against pathogens via phagocytosis, antibody production and antitoxin production.
The skin forms a physical and chemical barrier for pathogens and the nose, trachea and bronchi contain ciliated cells which move mucus (containing trapped pathogens) out of the body. The stomach contains pH 1 HCl which dissolves and destroys pathogens as well as enzymes which also break the microorganisms down
If primary defences fail, the antigens (proteins) on the surface of the pathogen are identified by the white blood cells, the phagocytes engulf and digest the pathogen and memory cells are created so that the body can respond quicker if the pathogen is to enter the body again.
Lymphocytes will assist with phagocytosis by producing antibodies that clump the pathogens together so that they can be engulfed by the phagocytes. (Antitoxins will also be produced in order to neutralise the effects of the pathogen's toxins)
L7 - Vaccinations
A vaccine contains a dead or weakened pathogen that is easily fought off via phagocytosis, memory cells are then made
Vaccinations were discovered by Edward Jenner, he found that milkmaids that often caught cowpox were immune to small pox, we now know that this is because the memory cells made to fight off cowpox could also deal with small pox because of their similar antigens
Herd immunity shows that vaccinating a larger portion of the population will in turn reduce the likelihood of vaccinated people from catching the disease.
L8 - MMR Vaccine
The MMR vaccine prevents against measles, mumps and rubella
A correlation is a pattern within data, a causal mechanism is a way in which a risk factor results in something
L9 - Antibiotics
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Bactericidal antibiotics kill the pathogen directly by removing its ability to create a cell wall whilst bacteriostatic antibiotics stunt the growth of bacteria by interfering with their DNA replication, metabolism and protein production.