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elizabeth - Coggle Diagram

- - - - leadership
        
        the queen or king should be head of the church, the monarch will be supported by senior bishops and the most senior archbishops
      - decorations
        
        decoration is not important to protestants, the idea that people should give money in order to decorate the church is worng - people shouldnt be able to but favour from god by paying for a nice looking church
      - appearance of priests
        
        priests should be dressed well, but not excessively, it is more important that a priest communicates the words of god rthan dress in a specific way
      - general belief
        
        sin can only be forgiven by god
        
        priests can marry
      - church services
        
        during services, the bible was read in english which meant that in theory everyone could understand
        during the communion, protestants believed that the bread and wine given to the church goers remained bread and wine but it was also transformed into the blood and body of jesus
    - - leadership
        
        No one should be the head of the church, they shuld be run by the locally . the rules of the local churches should be voted on and decided by the local congregation
      - decoration
        
        decorations are banned - puritans believe in a very basic church - no alter, no statues, no paintings no stained glass - none of this stuff is mentioned in the bible so it should not be part of worship
      - appaearence of priests
        
        priests should be dressed as plainly as possible - theyr enot spsecifically important people - plain black gowns are suitable, The appearance of priests is not mentioned in the Bible, so fancy clothes should not be a part of Christian worship.
      - church services
        
        during services, the bible was read in english which meant that in theory everyone could read the bible also bread and wine given to church goers believed to remain pure bread and wine and was not tranformed into the body of jesus
      - general beliefs
        
        sins can only be forgiven by god
        
        priests can marry
    - - leadership
        
        the pope is the leader of all christians, he isassisted by bishops and arch bishops
      - decoration
        
        decoration is important, having richly decorated churches ( stained glass windows, murals, statues and carvings) is an important part of how we worship god. By making our churches beautiful we honor gods majesty
      - appearance of priests
        
        priests should be dressed in fine clothes called vestements . priests v important people, being a priest is about communicating gods words and by dressing in fienc lothes the priest honors god
      - church services
        
        during services, the bible was read in latin only by a priest which was the trad style of church servicesuring the ‘Mass’, Catholics believed that the bread and wine given to churchgoers was transformed by a miracle into the actual body and blood of Jesus
      - general beliefs
        
        sins can be forgiven by god and the church
        
        oriests cant marry
  - - - the church controlled the message that people heard
      - every sunday, across britian peopel would attend church services - if eliz wanted to get across a politicial or religious message then she could do this
      - each priest needed a licensefrom the church to be able to preach - so eliz, the head of the church of england could make the priests say what she wanted them to
    - - the church had its own set of rules
      - the church had its own set of courts with its own set of rules , the church courts ruled on matters concerning the following:
        -nwills and inheritance
        -marriages
        -moral crimes
        -slander
    - - the church gave the people guidance on how to live their every day lives
        
        priests were the most trusted people of their local community, when people faced hard times theyd often turn to priests for advice, this gave the church enormous power to influence peoples every day lives
    - - the church made sure that everyone everyone was following the same church rules
        
        after the religious settlement (1559) elizabeth needed to make sure that everyone was following the same rules and that everyone was doing as they had been told
        visitations were arranged - this meant that senior memebrs of the church of england would come around to the local churches to ensure evryone obeying religioyus settlements. after 1559 these took place evry 3-4 years
    - - the church supported the onarch, this gave her legitinacy
        
        The Church was now bound together with the monarch. The Church said that Elizabeth had the right to be queen, which acted to legitimise (support) her claim to the throne.
        
        but now the Church of England was specifically supporting Elizabeth by saying that Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn was approved by God.
  - - - act of supremecy
        
        this made elizabeth the suprebe govener of the church of england and confirmed the pope would have no control over religion in england
        
        this forced all memebrs of clergy to swear an oath of alleigance to eliz as supreme govener
      - act of uniformity
        
        this set out a specific way for doing church services according to the protstant prayer book
        confirmed engladn now protestant country
        this made it cumpolsary for everyone to go church at least once a week,failiure to attend would lead to a fine of 12 pence
- - - - population - much smaller than today - only about 3 million - vast majority lived in the countryside - majority worked on the land as peasant farmers
      - everydaylife - most people never left their local area in their lifetime - travel was rare most important thing to people was religion harvest and price of food
      - average life expectancy for ordinary english manw as just 35 years - however this is quite misleading
        
        the average is brought down by very high levels of infant mortality
  - - - top of the social hierarchy
        
        everyone in britiain is christian and everyone beleives in god - believed that god gave monarchs the power to rule
    - - monarch would make all the key decisions eg wether to go war or not - also needs to ask the parliament for taxes also depedns on nobility and gentry to enforce law at local level
    - - there were 50 of these famillies - they are landowners and their land makes them alot of money eg from rent
        they were rich and very powerful in their local area
        
        they competed for the favour of the moncarch
        
        they advise the monarch personally as members of the privy council and as mps in parliament
        
        they will supply soldiers and lead the army in wartime
    - - 10,000 of these families - they are landowners and their land gives them money but not anywhere as much as the nobles and lords - acted as judges and sherrifs to enforce the law
      - they had less contact with the monarch
    - - 30,000 of these famillies they own their house but dont make money from their ownership
      - they make money from trade
      - they sometimes helped local governenmnt eg became mayors
    - - 100,000 of these families - yeomen were better off as they owned their own land whereas tenant farmers rented land from teh gentry and nobles
      - they could feed their famillies with the food they produced and sell the extra at a market
      - some would have servants and could vote in elections
    - - 500,000 of these famillies, none of which owned land
      - craftsmen might make a living as blacksmitjhs or shoe makers
      - laboureres worked on farms, usually for yeomen or tenant farmers, servants worked for anyone above them in the soclal hierarchy
      - the pooor often turned to begging, couldnt find a job or make a living
  - - - we use scalder to remember these
        
        succession
        
        explanation - elizabeth had no children and no husband. While elizabeth had no heir there would always be rivalry and hositility between the rivals to be the next monarch
        this thus created uncertainity and instability
        
        serious problem
        
        elizabeths search for a husband was an imposible task with no obvious solution
        if she chose an english nobleman this would cause other nobles to become angry and jealous
        if she picked a foreign prince defo would be catholic
        taht would anger most english people whp were protestants
        this was a manjor problem because there didnt seem to be an obvious solution
        
        less serious problem
        
        although most women were married by the age of 25, eliz able to put this off by allowing herself tobecourted by potential husbands though never actually marrying them
        in her later years, lack of succesor turned into a strength - no man to control her or try take her place
        sacrifice in not having children could be seen as dedictaion to england
        
        councillors
        
        like all monarchs, eizabeth needed to create a privvy council to advise her on how to run the country
        this was a potential problem because her choice of councillors was bound to be controversial - very tricky balancig act
        she needed:
        
        to keep the most powerful nobles happy by picking them , to have trust worthy advisors wh would stick by her
        to avoid offending people by showing favouritism or choosing unpopular people for top jobs
        to satisfy both catholics and protestants
        good advice
        
        serious problem
        
        elizabeth ahd to get rid of many of the previous councillors who had served under mary - this would make alot of pwoerful catholics unhappy because she had sacked them
        morevorer it was difficult for elz to find people who she knew would be trustworthy (because she already knew them well) without creating the impression that she had favourites
        
        less serious problem
        
        was only a short term issue - eliz dealt with this very effectively by:
        
        choosing her privy counci very carefully
        -keeping the most powerful nobles in the privvy counvil
        -appointing william celcil as her secretary of state - he was very skillfl and loyal
        
        so although was a big potential problem, not major issue cos of how liz dealt w it
        
        all about the money
        
        elizabth needed money i order to run country but was in debt of 300,00 because of the amount of money mary 1 had spent on war w france
        eliz xouldve potentially asked gov for higher taxes but calling parliamnt meeting was risky - they could make big demands of the queen if they knew she was desperate for money
        moreover the gov was worried baout the levels of poverty - when the harvests were bad, food prices rose fast - this happened in the 1550s under the rign of mary
        food shortages led to food riots
        in times of food shortages people more likely to join rebellion so eliz was worried
        
        serious problem
        
        becase the overnment was in so much debt, it was a problem that was going to contunue for some time - long term - it was made even worse by the factthat eliza had to borrow 100,00 to resupply the army
        there was no obv ay of dealing with poverty, if bad harvests happened or if tehrewas a flu epidemic, the monarch ahd no way to control this - she could only pry to god for help
        
        less serious problem
        
        this wa snot an urgent problem in some ways:
        
        gov finances - the governemnt was able to borrow money in the shirt term, this is what elizabeth did when she needed to restock the army 1558-59
        
        poverty - although the harvest of `1556 had been terrible, the harvest of 1557 and 58 had been good so eliz under less pressure hre
        better harvest meant the crown was able to recieve more money in taxes and rent, so although probs not dissapaired, they had gone for the timebeing
        
        legitimacy
        
        pope clement vii had refused to grant henry a divorce from hsi first wife. in the eys of the curch and the catholics, henrys second marriage to anne bolyen wasnt permitted
        since eliz parenrs marriage had been banned, she was regarded as an illegitimate child by catholic church
        illegitimate children coulnt inherit the crown so these ppl said liz couldnt be queen at all
        
        serious problem
        
        here was very little that could be done to solve this problem at all, it was a long term problem which was not going to go away quickly
        
        less serious problem
        
        this problem was only really an issue for catholics, once eliz put her religious settlement in place only a minority of the english people were catholics, so this was not a major issue for most people
        portestants didnt mind henrys marriage because the archbishop of canterbury - the most senior priest in the church of england had approved it
        
        doubts about the queen
        
        women were regarded as inferior to men- the role of women in society was to look after children and the household not to lead or take tough decisions - when elizabeth took over, many people doubted her ablity to rule
        
        serious problem
        
        people were especially worried because mary 1 reign had been so disasterous, england was nearly bankrupt and had many powerful enemies - many people assumed that marys leadership was to blame and the fact that she was a woman
        
        less serious prblem
        
        the alternatives were even worse, the only realistic alternative to elz was mary queen of scots for many people she was a bad idea:
        
        she was married to the king of france
        -she was a catholic
        
        she was also a woman - problem wouldnt have beensolved anyway
        
        so although this was a problem, people were willing to give liz a chance and when she turned out to be a good leader, she was much loved
        
        enemies abroad
        
        england faces the threat of attack from three different foreign countries:
        
        france - england was already at war with france which had cost enland a huge amount of money, france had a stronger army than england
        spain - england was fighting alongside spain against france, sothey were allies, but spain was also strongly catholic so the spanish v unhappy if eliz tried to restore protestanism in england
        
        scotland - the scottish queen, mary queenof scots married to the french king - francis2 so there were french soldiers in scotand, catholics in both france and scotland thought that mary should rule england not eliz
        
        serious problem
        
        urgent prob- england spend huge amount of money on war w france - seemed to be an immenent threat of invasion from france and scotland, eliz needed to act quickly toreduce the level of threat
        
        potentially long term prob
        
        if england was planning on becoming protestant, then both france and spain likely to be long term enemies
        
        less serious problem
        
        Although war was potentially dangerous, it would often unite the English people. Elizabeth’s popularity as queen was often based on her ability to take on foreign enemies. This made people forget their problems at home and focus on defeating a foreign enemy.
        
        There was an easy short-term solution to this problem. Elizabeth signed a peace treaty with France at Cateau-Cambrésis in January 1559. This meant that the threat from France was significantly reduced for the moment.
        
        In practice, this was less of an issue than most people assumed. Although many people were worried about the power of Spain (because Spain was the most powerful country in Europe), Spain actually wanted to stay on good terms with Britain. This was because Spain was more worried about France than England. England was a useful ally to Spain.
        
        religion
        
        england was a divided country rleigion had been changed three times
        
        From Catholic to Protestant (Henry VIII)
        
        From Protestant to a more extreme version of Protestantism - almost Puritanism (Edward VI).
        
        From Protestant to extreme Catholic (Mary I).
        
        created nhappness and divison which even lead to some rebellions because the people were unhappy with the prev monarchs
        
        serious problem
        
        there was no clear solution to this probem, the compromsie was full of danger
        A ‘middle way’ between Protestantism and Catholicism would potentially please no one! Everyone would have something to be unhappy about!
        
        moreover this was an urgent issue, after marys 1s attacks on protestantism ppl eager to find out what eliz was going to do - queen couldnt prentend not to care religmodt important part of every day life
        
        less serious
        
        eliz prepared to be flexible
        
        This made the religious situation less problematic because she was not so blindly committed to one way of doing things (like Mary I had been) that she would refuse to accept compromise
        
        If she had opted for one of the extreme choices, she was guaranteed to cause trouble. But by being prepared to accept compromise, she gave herself the chance to keep on good terms with everyone.
    - - serious
        
        long term
        
        made lots of people unhappy
        
        urgent problem
        
        no obvious solution