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Chapter 3: Historical Issues in Education - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3: Historical Issues
in Education
Chelsee Patterson
2/2/2021
Relationship Between EMG
& Alexander Graham Bell
EMG
:
Born: Conn.
Year: 1837
Deaf Mother/Wife(s)
Volta Bureau merge w/ (CAID)
AGB
:
Born: Scotland
Year: 1847
Deaf Mother/Wife
Volta Bureau merge w/ AAPTSD
Degree/Honorary Awards
Actively engaged in the Washington-area
Same circle of friends
Founded Cosmos Club
The Normal Department
CAID =
Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf
AAPTSD =
American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf
(Formerly know as: Alexander Graham Bell Association of the Deaf)
Combining Methods
Notable Figures
(1962)
Mervin Garretson
; first Deaf graduate
Lou Fant
; Garretson's Interpreter for meetings
Dean George Detmold
"everyone is required to sign"
George Veditz
NAD president
1884 Gallaudet graduate
(1913)
Preservation of the Sign Language
(18 films)
Author Ronald
From Deaf family; they did not speak/lipread
Melvia / Claudia
Oral department & Manual department = separate buildings
Miss W & her picture methods
Dollie Faye = sisters' interpreter
Percival Hall
President of Gallaudet (1910-1945)
"no legal restriction against colored person entering Gallaudet"
Hume Le P. Battiste
, Class of 1913
&
James Glibert
- first black students to graduate
Andrew J. Foster
first black person to graduate w/ Doctor of Humane Letters from Gallaudet
I. King Jordan
first Deaf president of Gallaudet
Robert Davila
&
T. Alan Hurwitz
(both) interim president at Gallaudet
(both) Deaf
1880
Aristotle "Deaf are uneducable"
St. Augustine "Faith comes through hearing"
Roman Law forbids inheritance
Oralists
: Amannn, Heinicke, Briadwood
Clashing of methods
International Congress of Education for the Deaf #1:
September 1880
Milan, Italy
Voted to outlaw Sign Language
Resolution 1: Oral method preferred
Resolution 2: Pure Oral Method
Resolution 3: "Intuitive" Method
Resolution 4: Make use exclusively of speech
Resolution 5: Admission between 8-10 yo
International Congress of Education for the Deaf #4:
1990
Paris, France
Introduction of combined system...failed
Oral Method for next 100 years
Post-Milan Attitudes
Deaf teachers decline / Oral programs incline
Milan Resolution leads to separation of oralists / manualists
(1919) 80% deaf students instructed w/o manaul language
Deaf teachers perceived "unfit"
(late 1800s) Oral Method takes over 40%
(1920) Oral Method takes over 80%
(1915) 65% Oral Method / 35% Combined Method
(1976) 35% Oral Method / Remaining is Combined
(1900-1960s) Reign of Oral Programs / Whisper Signing / Punishments / "Dark Ages"
Signing was viewed as a stigmatic taboo
Segregation
By communication, gender, race
Women barred from Gallaudet until 1864
Non-existent female / colored facilities (House 1 = Women's Residence)
(1952)
Miller v. D.C. Board of Education
"separate but equal" programs
(1954)
Brown v. Board of Education
Black Deaf American
Black students integrated to white campuses; never reversed
Post Civil War, black pupil records lost / destroyed
(1963) 8 states continue segregation education
Lost cultural identities:
Albert Couthen
didn't know anything about black culture/issues
Carolyn McCaskill-Emerson
very little about black history
Segregated manual, oralist, combination teaching method classes
Segragating students w/ & w/o Coclear Implants
Second Home
Kentucky School for the Deaf in Danville;
3rd school in US
Private cemeteries
Closed during Civil War for
Confederate / Union Armies / Hospitals
:
Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky,
Mississippi, Missouri, Georgia, Louisiana
Distances were overbearing
Travel more accessible after war
Schools offer family atmosphere for togetherness
Peer Communication
Cheaper to send students home
Federal enactment 40hr/wk work law
Preserving Family Relationships
Deafhood
Rights
Paternalism
Banning licenses for Deaf drivers
NAD Automobile Bureau
NAD Legal Defense Fund
Misguided philosophers, priests,
scholars, physicians
Stigma/Discrimination
Group sharing common physical / cultural characteristics
(skin color, language)
[Others] Identify [themselves] as minorities
Marry within minority
Suffer oppression
Bahan's
humorous "incident"
Faith
Melvia's church experience
Saved? Healing? Fixing?
Word: "
Mom
"
Eugenics
"Well Born"
Controlled selective breeding
400 types hereditary deafness; most are recessive
meaning both parents carry the gene
1/30 Americans carry Connexin 26 (Cx26)
"Negative" genetic effect = deafness
Alexander Graham Bell renowned in field of Eugenics
Prevent D/deaf offspring
Audism
Coined by Tom Humphries (1977)
Not in dictionary yet
Audire
Latin for "to hear" +
ism
Representing a system of practice, behavior
belief and attitude
Notion of superiority based on hearing ability
Medical profession dominance
Audism v. Ignorance =
hearing people "wonder"
hearing people "discourage"
Cut from mainstream society
Ancient times oppression