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40 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES: DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
40
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES: DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY
Definition of communication strategies
Factors affecting the interlanguage system
Transfer of training
: as a result of particular approaches used in training
Strategies of L2 learning
: approaches of the learner to communicate with native speakers
Language transfer
: as a result of the transfer from the native language
over-generalisation
Communication strategies
Conscious
: the learners are aware of their use of communication strategies
Problem-oriented
: the learners employ them when they lack the resources required to express an intended meaning
Interlanguage
interim grammars constructed by second-language learners on their way to the target language
Achievement strategies
: activated when the learner decides to keep the original communicative goal, but compensates for insufficient means
Over-elaboration
Morphology
Syntax
Phonology
Lexicon
Mime
Literal translation
Substitution
Circumlocution
Over-generalisation
: application of a rule of the target language to inappropriate forms or contexts
Morphology
Syntax
Lexicon
Phonology
Appeal for assistance
Epenthesis
Re-structuring
Transfer from the native language
: negative transfer resulting in incorrect utterances
Morphology
Syntax
Phonology
Lexicon
Pre-fabricated pattern
Reduction strategies
: involve giving up part of the original communicative goal
Formal
: reduced system
Functional
: reduced goal
Avoidance strategies
Appeal to authority
Paraphrase
Word coinage: creation of a non-existent lexical item
Circumlocution
Super-ordinate/hyponyms
Semantic avoidance
Message abandonment
Topic avoidance
Language switch
Receptive strategies
Selective listening
Co-operative strategies
Request for clarification
Request for assistance
Anticipating language
Strategic competence
: the ability to use both verbal and non-verbal communication strategies designed to avoid breakdowns in communication and to enhance its effectiveness when the learner is required to compensate for deficiencies in the other components of communicative competence