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IDENTITY, Self-concept, Our sense of self and personal identity is…

- - - - One's attachment history serves as a foundation for identity formation. Attachment histories affect not only one's approach to identity formation but also one's contributions to the identity formation of others. (Pittman et al., 2011)
        
        Secure
        
        Insecure
        
        Anxious
        
        Disorganised
    - - Associated with identity orientations, eg poorer people in India had higher collective identity and lower personal identity than wealthier people (Reddy and Gibbons, 1999)
  - - - Peer pressure can influence a person to do something that is relatively harmless — or something that has more serious consequences. Giving in to the pressure to dress a certain way is one thing — going along with the crowd to drink or smoke is another.
      - People may feel pressure to conform so they fit in or are accepted, or so they don't feel awkward or uncomfortable. When people are unsure of what to do in a social situation, they naturally look to others for cues about what is and isn't acceptable.
  - - - The internet provides a wealth of information and communication that we can use as a guide for social comparison and to find others who share our collective identity. However, too much information and exposure can make us question aspects of our identity. Exposure to media in any form is just as influential in shaping our identity as our family, friends and society.
- - - - Fingerprints
        
        Other personal characteristics may change, but fingerprints do not. The ridge arrangement on every finger of every human being is unique and does not alter with growth or age.
- - - - The Big Five
        
        Extraversion
        
        Agreeableness
        
        Conscientiousness
        
        Openness
        
        Neuroticism
      - The Dark Triad
        
        Psychopathy
        
        Narcissisms
        
        Machiavellianism
    - - How we look and present ourselves to the world says a lot about who we are. It can also impact how others perceive and treat us, which in turn shapes identity formation. Our physical identity is not superficial — it's actually an aspect of ourselves we tie to our sense of identity. Our appearance and way we express ourselves are how we choose to represent this identity visually.
    - - Dependencies
      - Routine
      - Responsibilities
      - These can be considered as situational opportunities; So, identity chosen depends on situation
    - - family
      - personal
      - social
      - These can be considered as networks or social relationships; So, relative importance links with commitment to identity
    - - "secret" treasures
        
        Things that you value plays an important role into shaping ones' identity
      - collections
    - - "Cognitions about the physical environment that also serve to define who the person is. The cognitions are represented as thoughts, memories, beliefs, values, and meanings relating to all the important settings of a person's daily life, past as well as present."
    - - Gender identity is viewed as part of individuals' broader concept of personal identity (Bussey and Bandura, 1999)
      - The emergence of gender identity begins once infants are able to recognize themselves, at about 18 months (Lewis and Brooks-Gunn, 1979)
      - Gender identity can correlate with sex at birth, or can differ from it
    - - The sexual orientation and inclinations come with shares beliefs which make people come together in support of each other. For instance, gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc.
  - - - We perceive ourselves differently depending on time/situation
        
        Personal-social identity continuum: Personal-social identity continuum. The two distinct ways that the self can be categorized. At the personal level, the self can be thought of as a unique individual, whereas at the social identity level, the self is thought of as a member of a group.
        
        Personal Identity: when we see ourselves as individuals
        
        Personal Identity orientation: predicts private self-consciousness, need for uniqueness and autonomy; private views of the self take precedence over the views of others
        
        Social Identity: when we see ourselves as members of particular groups
        
        Public Identity orientation: predicts public self-consciousness, fear of negative evaluation, attention to social comparison information and a need for inclusion. These people place high value on other's opinions of them, their behaviour is more likely to be motivated by social pressures, and they are thus more likely to try to meet other people's expectations to create a positive impression.
        
        A key assertion of self-categorization theory is that shared social self-category membership serves to regulate individual cognitive activity, not only by providing a common perspective on social reality but also by providing a basis for mutual influence. That is, when people perceive themselves to share group membership with another person in a given context they will both expect to agree with that person on issues relevant to their shared identity, and also be motivated to strive actively to reach agreement to those issues. They should attempt to achieve this through, amongst other things, identifying shared belief, specifying frames of reference, articulating background knowledge, clarifying points of disagreement, and exchanging relevant information – in short, through persuasion, negotiation and argument.
        
        A readiness to categorize people in particular ways is conferred by societies, cultures and ideologies which – through political debate and conflict – collectively instruct and shape perception.