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ATOM :question: Atom-Featured-image, Atoms consist of three basic…

- - - - ALCHEMY
        
        Alchemy is a philosophical tradition that’s practiced throughout the world today, with roots in Asia, Africa, and Europe. These traditions have a scientific foundation, though it would be more accurate to say that alchemists are practicing proto-science.
        
        Jabir Ibn Hayyan
        
        Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, is considered the father of Arab chemistry and one of the founders of modern pharmacy. He was known to the Europeans as Geber.
    - - Democritus and the Greek Philosophers
        
        About 2,500 years ago, early Greek philosophers believed the entire universe was a single, huge, entity. In other words, "everything was one." They believed that all objects, all matter, and all substances were connected as a single, big, unchangeable "thing." One of the first people to propose "atoms" was a man known as Democritus. As an alternative to the beliefs of the Greek philosophers, he suggested that atomos, or atomon - tiny, indivisible, solid objects - make up all matter in the universe.
        
        Democritus then reasoned that changes occur when the many atomos in an object were reconnected or recombined in different ways. Democritus even extended this theory, suggesting that there were different varieties of atomos with different shapes, sizes, and masses. He thought, however, that shape, size, and mass were the only properties differentiating the different types of atomos. According to Democritus, other characteristics, like color and taste, did not reflect properties of the atomos themselves, but rather, resulted from the different ways in which the atomos were combined and connected to one another.
      - ROBERT BOYLE AND THE THEORY OF SEPARATING MOLECULES
        
        Boyle is considered by many to be the father of modern experimental chemistry. Through years of diligent work he became a skilled chemist. His interest and work in chemistry lasted from the early 1650s to the end of his life. His social status and efforts to show that natural philosophy was a theologically acceptable pursuit did much to make the science of chemistry socially respectable. Boyle’s most important contribution to chemistry is his systematic critique of both the Aristotelian and Paracelsian theories of natural philosophy.
      - LAVOISIER AND LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
        
        The Law of Conservation of Mass dates from Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 discovery that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of any one element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction.
      - PROUST AND THE LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
        
        In 1806, Proust summarized his observations in what is now called Proust’s Law. It stated that chemical compounds are formed of constant and defined ratios of elements, as determined by mass. For example, carbon dioxide is composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Therefore, by mass, carbon dioxide can be described by the fixed ratio of 12 (mass of carbon):32 (mass of oxygen), or simplified as 3:8.
- - - - The atomic theory of John Dalton created the possibility of two more scientifically accepted ideas concerning the behavior of matter, the Law of Definite Composition – which states that in any sample of a compound the masses of the elements are in the same ratio, and the Law of Multiple Proportions, stating that when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the fixed amounts of one element will combine with the other in a ratio of small whole number.
    - - NEW ELEMENTS
      - Cations & Anions